Banks/Dean Genealogy

Matilda (?)¹

F, #4591, d. before 1112

Father*

William I of Normandy "the Conqueror"¹ b. 1027, d. 9 Sep 1087

Mother*

Maud of Flanders¹ b. 1032, d. 3 Nov 1083

Death*

before 1112

Last Edited

24 Oct 2003

Citations

[S218] Marlyn Lewis, Ancestry of Elizabeth of York.

Constance (?)¹

F, #4592, b. 1061, d. 13 August 1090

Father*

William I of Normandy "the Conqueror"¹ b. 1027, d. 9 Sep 1087

Mother*

Maud of Flanders¹ b. 1032, d. 3 Nov 1083

Birth*

1061

Marriage*

1086

Principal=Duke Alan IV of Brittany "Fergant"¹

Death*

13 August 1090

Burial*

St. Melans, near Rhedon¹

Last Edited

24 Oct 2003

Citations

[S218] Marlyn Lewis, Ancestry of Elizabeth of York.

Agatha (?)¹

F, #4593, d. 1068

Father*

William I of Normandy "the Conqueror"¹ b. 1027, d. 9 Sep 1087

Mother*

Maud of Flanders¹ b. 1032, d. 3 Nov 1083

Marriage*

1068

Probably married by proxy, but the marriage was never consummated. She had probably been previously betrothed to Eadwine, Earl of the Mercians, and "the memory of her English lover still lived in her heart. She prayed that she might never be joined to the Spaniard, her praryer was heard, she died on the journey, and her body was brought back and buried at Bayeux. Her knees were found to have grown hard by the length and frequency of her prayers.", 1st=King Alfonso VI of Castile and León^1,2

Death*

1068

Burial*

1068

Bayeux, France²

Last Edited

29 Jul 2004

Citations

[S218] Marlyn Lewis, Ancestry of Elizabeth of York.
[S321] Charles Evans, "The Princess Zaida", p. 157-8.

William III Clito (?)¹

M, #4594, b. 1101, d. 27 July 1128

Father*

Robert III Curthose¹ b. c 1051, d. 3 Feb 1134

William III Clito (?)|b. 1101\nd. 27 Jul 1128|p154.htm#i4594|Robert III Curthose|b. c 1051\nd. 3 Feb 1134|p153.htm#i4586||||William I. of Normandy "the Conqueror"|b. 1027\nd. 9 Sep 1087|p59.htm#i1768|Maud of Flanders|b. 1032\nd. 3 Nov 1083|p59.htm#i1769|||||||

Birth*

1101

Marriage*

1123

Principal=Sibylla of Anjou (?)¹

Marriage*

January 1127

Principal=Giovanna of Montferrat (?)¹

Death*

27 July 1128

Alost, Flanders¹

Last Edited

14 Oct 2003

Citations

[S218] Marlyn Lewis, Ancestry of Elizabeth of York.

Giovanna of Montferrat (?)¹

F, #4595

Father*

Regnier (?)¹ d. 1137

Mother*

Gisela of Burgundy¹ b. 1070, d. a 1133

Giovanna of Montferrat (?)||p154.htm#i4595|Regnier (?)|d. 1137|p143.htm#i4277|Gisela of Burgundy|b. 1070\nd. a 1133|p118.htm#i3526|William I. (?)|d. 1100|p143.htm#i4278|Otta d' Aglie||p143.htm#i4279|William I. of Burgundy "the Great"|b. c 1024\nd. 11 Nov 1087|p118.htm#i3531|Stephanie de Longwy|b. c 1035\nd. 30 Jun 1109|p118.htm#i3532|

Marriage*

January 1127

Principal=William III Clito (?)¹

Last Edited

24 Oct 2003

Citations

[S218] Marlyn Lewis, Ancestry of Elizabeth of York.

Richard (?)¹

M, #4596, d. 25 November 1120

Death*

25 November 1120

on the White Ship¹

Last Edited

9 Mar 2003

Citations

[S218] Marlyn Lewis, Ancestry of Elizabeth of York.

Geoffrey VI (?)¹

M, #4597, b. 1 June 1134, d. 27 July 1157

Father*

Geoffrey V "the Fair" Plantagenet^1,2 b. 24 Nov 1113, d. 7 Sep 1151

Mother*

Matilda Empress of England^1,2 b. 1104, d. 10 Sep 1167

Birth*

1 June 1134

Rouen, France^1,2

Death*

27 July 1157

Nantes, France, without issue^1,2

Last Edited

28 Jul 2004

Citations

[S218] Marlyn Lewis, Ancestry of Elizabeth of York.
[S284] Douglas Richardson, Plantagenet Ancestry, Plantagenet 1.

William FitzEmpress¹

M, #4598, b. 21 July 1136, d. 30 January 1163/64

Father*

Geoffrey V "the Fair" Plantagenet² b. 24 Nov 1113, d. 7 Sep 1151

Mother*

Matilda Empress of England^2,1 b. 1104, d. 10 Sep 1167

Birth*

21 July 1136

Argentan, France^2,1

Death*

30 January 1163/64

Rouen, Normandy, France^2,1

Burial*

Cathedral, Rouen, Normandy, France¹

Name Variation

William Longespee¹

Title*

Vicomte of Dieppe¹

Arms*

shown on his seal as a lion rampant¹

Last Edited

26 Dec 2004

Citations

[S284] Douglas Richardson, Plantagenet Ancestry, Plantagenet 1.
[S218] Marlyn Lewis, Ancestry of Elizabeth of York.

Emma (?)¹

F, #4599, d. circa 1214

Father*

Geoffrey V "the Fair" Plantagenet¹ b. 24 Nov 1113, d. 7 Sep 1151

Mother*

Anonyma (?)²

Emma (?)|d. c 1214|p154.htm#i4599|Geoffrey V "the Fair" Plantagenet|b. 24 Nov 1113\nd. 7 Sep 1151|p55.htm#i1624|Anonyma (?)||p457.htm#i13698|Fulk V. of Anjou "the Young"|b. 1092\nd. 10 Nov 1143|p97.htm#i2898|Erembourg of Maine|d. 1126|p97.htm#i2899|||||||

Marriage

1173

Principal=Dafydd ab Owain¹

Marriage*

1174

in the summer, Principal=Dafydd ab Owain²

Death*

circa 1214

Name Variation

Emme (?)²

Last Edited

28 Jul 2004

Citations

[S218] Marlyn Lewis, Ancestry of Elizabeth of York.
[S284] Douglas Richardson, Plantagenet Ancestry, Plantagenet 1.

Dafydd ab Owain¹

M, #4600, d. May 1203

Father*

Owain Gwynedd^2,3 b. c 1100, d. 28 Nov 1170

Mother*

Gwladws ferch Llywarch² b. c 1098

Mother

Cristin ferch Gronwy¹

Marriage*

1173

Principal=Emma (?)²

Marriage

1174

in the summer, Principal=Emma (?)¹

Death*

May 1203

Death

1204

Name Variation

David Gwynedd²

(Witness) Event-Misc

1202

King John made peace with Llywelyn and his nobles, abandoning Dafydd ab Owain and his claims, Principal=Llewelyn ap Iorwerth "the Great", Principal=John Lackland⁴

Title*

King of Gwynedd¹

Last Edited

11 Jun 2005

Citations

[S284] Douglas Richardson, Plantagenet Ancestry, Plantagenet 1.
[S218] Marlyn Lewis, Ancestry of Elizabeth of York.
[S347] Carl Boyer 3rd, Medieval English Ancestors of Certain Americans, p. 128.
[S284] Douglas Richardson, Plantagenet Ancestry, Wales 4.

Baudouin (?)¹

M, #4601, b. circa 1124, d. 2 December 1135

Father*

Stephen of Blois¹ b. bt 1095 - 1096, d. 25 Oct 1154

Mother*

Maud of Boulogne¹ b. c 1105, d. 3 May 1152

Birth*

circa 1124

Death*

2 December 1135

Burial*

Holy Trinity Church, Aldgate¹

Last Edited

24 Oct 2003

Citations

[S218] Marlyn Lewis, Ancestry of Elizabeth of York.

Maud of England¹

F, #4602, b. 1134, d. circa 1137

Father*

Stephen of Blois² b. bt 1095 - 1096, d. 25 Oct 1154

Mother*

Maud of Boulogne² b. c 1105, d. 3 May 1152

Marriage*

Easter 1136

1st=Waleran de Beaumont¹

Birth*

1134

Death*

circa 1137

Death

before 1141

in childhood¹

Burial*

Priory of the Holy Trinity, Aldgate¹

Name Variation

Matilda²

Last Edited

1 May 2005

Citations

[S347] Carl Boyer 3rd, Medieval English Ancestors of Certain Americans, p. 18.
[S218] Marlyn Lewis, Ancestry of Elizabeth of York.

Constance (?)¹

F, #4603, b. 1128, d. 16 August 1176

Father*

Louis VI of France "the Fat"¹ b. 1081, d. 1 Aug 1137

Mother*

Adelaide of Savoy¹ b. c 1092, d. 1 Aug 1154

Birth*

1128

Marriage*

February 1140

Paris, France, Principal=Count Eustace IV of Boulogne¹

Marriage*

Principal=Raymond V of Toulouse²

Death*

16 August 1176

Rheims, France¹

Family

Raymond V of Toulouse

Child

Raymond VI de Toulouse+²

Last Edited

19 Jun 2005

Citations

[S218] Marlyn Lewis, Ancestry of Elizabeth of York.
[S284] Douglas Richardson, Plantagenet Ancestry, Plantagenet 2.

William of England¹

M, #4604, b. 17 August 1153, d. April 1156

Father*

Henry II Curtmantel^1,2,3 b. 5 Mar 1132/33, d. 6 Jul 1189

Mother*

Eleanor of Aquitaine^1,2,3 b. 1123, d. 31 Mar 1204

Birth*

17 August 1153

Normandy, France^1,2,3

Death*

April 1156

Wallingford Castle, Berkshire, England^1,2,3

Last Edited

5 Sep 2004

Citations

[S218] Marlyn Lewis, Ancestry of Elizabeth of York.
[S234] David Faris, Plantagenet Ancestry, Plantagenet 17.
[S284] Douglas Richardson, Plantagenet Ancestry, Plantagenet 2.

Henry of England¹

M, #4605, b. 28 February 1155, d. 11 June 1183

Father*

Henry II Curtmantel b. 5 Mar 1132/33, d. 6 Jul 1189; son and heir^1,2,3

Mother*

Eleanor of Aquitaine^1,2,3 b. 1123, d. 31 Mar 1204

Birth*

28 February 1155

Bermondsey, Surrey, England^1,2,3

Marriage*

2 November 1160

Neubourg, Normandy, France, Principal=Marguerite of France (?)^1,3

Death*

11 June 1183

Martel, France^1,2,3

Burial*

Rouen Cathedral, Rouen, Normandy, France³

Crowned*

14 June 1170

joint King of England with his father^2,3

Event-Misc*

between 1173 and 1174

He and his brothers rebelled against his father³

Knighted*

by William Marshal, Witness=Sir William Marshal⁴

Event-Misc*

11 June 1183

On his deathbed, Young King Henry charged William Marshal to carry his cross to the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem, which he subsequently did, Principal=Sir William Marshal⁴

Last Edited

24 Jul 2005

Citations

[S218] Marlyn Lewis, Ancestry of Elizabeth of York.
[S234] David Faris, Plantagenet Ancestry, Plantagenet 17.
[S284] Douglas Richardson, Plantagenet Ancestry, Plantagenet 2.
[S347] Carl Boyer 3rd, Medieval English Ancestors of Certain Americans, p. 147.

Maud of England¹

F, #4606, b. June 1156, d. 8 June 1189

Father*

Henry II Curtmantel^1,2 b. 5 Mar 1132/33, d. 6 Jul 1189

Mother*

Eleanor of Aquitaine^1,2,3 b. 1123, d. 31 Mar 1204

Birth*

June 1156

London, London, England^1,2

Marriage*

1 February 1168

Minden, Germany, Principal=Heinrich von Sachsen³

Death*

8 June 1189

Burial*

Cathedral of St. Blasius, Brunswick, Germany^1,2

Death

28 June 1189

Brunswick, Germany^2,3

Burial

Brunswick Cathedral, Brunswick, Germany³

Last Edited

5 Sep 2004

Citations

[S218] Marlyn Lewis, Ancestry of Elizabeth of York.
[S234] David Faris, Plantagenet Ancestry, Plantagenet 17.
[S284] Douglas Richardson, Plantagenet Ancestry, Plantagenet 2.

Joan of England¹

F, #4607, b. October 1165, d. 4 September 1199

Father*

Henry II Curtmantel^1,2,3 b. 5 Mar 1132/33, d. 6 Jul 1189

Mother*

Eleanor of Aquitaine^1,2,3 b. 1123, d. 31 Mar 1204

Birth*

October 1165

Angers^1,2,3

Marriage*

13 February 1177

Palermo, Sicily, Principal=William II of Sicily^2,3

Marriage*

October 1196

4th=Raymond VI de Toulouse^2,3

Death*

4 September 1199

^1,2

Death

24 September 1199

Rouen, Normandy, France³

Name Variation

Jeanne³

(Witness) Event-Misc

1176

He escorted Joan, daughter of King Henry II for her marriage to the King of Sicily, Principal=Sir Hamelin Plantagenet⁴

Family

Raymond VI de Toulouse

Child

Raymond VII de Toulouse⁵ b. Jul 1197, d. 27 Sep 1249

Last Edited

6 Sep 2004

Citations

[S218] Marlyn Lewis, Ancestry of Elizabeth of York.
[S234] David Faris, Plantagenet Ancestry, Plantagenet 17.
[S284] Douglas Richardson, Plantagenet Ancestry, Plantagenet 2.
[S284] Douglas Richardson, Plantagenet Ancestry, Warenne 2.
[S285] Leo van de Pas, 30 Jun 2004.

Berenguela of Navarre¹

F, #4608, b. circa 1163, d. 23 December 1230

Father*

Sancho VII the Wise (?)^2,1 b. c 1132, d. 27 Jun 1194

Mother*

Sancha of Castile (?)^2,1 d. 5 Aug 1179

Birth*

circa 1163

^2,3,1

Marriage*

12 May 1191

Limasol, Cyprus, Principal=Richard I the Lionhearted^2,3,1

Burial*

Abbey of Espans, LeMans, France^2,3

Death*

23 December 1230

Abbey of Espans, LeMans, France^2,3,1

Name Variation

Berengaria of Navarre²

Last Edited

16 Jun 2005

Citations

[S284] Douglas Richardson, Plantagenet Ancestry, Plantagenet 2.
[S218] Marlyn Lewis, Ancestry of Elizabeth of York.
[S234] David Faris, Plantagenet Ancestry, Plantagenet 17.

Isabel of Gloucester (?)¹

F, #4609, b. after 1168, d. 14 October 1217

Father*

Sir William FitzRobert^1,2 b. 23 Nov 1121, d. 23 Nov 1183

Mother*

Hawise de Beaumont¹ b. c 1134, d. 24 Apr 1197

Birth*

after 1168

Marriage*

29 August 1189

Marlborough, Wiltshire, England, 1st=John Lackland^1,3,4

Divorce

1199

on grounds of consanguinity after ten years of childless marriage. This angered the Curia, who had given special permission for the marriage. Subsequently, Isabel was kept a state prisoner until 1214, Principal=John Lackland^3,4

Marriage*

January 1213/14

2nd=Geoffrey de Mandeville⁵

Marriage*

1217

2nd=Hubert de Burgh¹

Death*

14 October 1217

^1,2

Burial*

Canterbury Cathedral^1,2

Last Edited

10 Jul 2005

Citations

[S218] Marlyn Lewis, Ancestry of Elizabeth of York.
[S347] Carl Boyer 3rd, Medieval English Ancestors of Certain Americans, p. 186.
[S234] David Faris, Plantagenet Ancestry, Plantagenet 16.
[S284] Douglas Richardson, Plantagenet Ancestry, Plantagenet 3.
[S347] Carl Boyer 3rd, Medieval English Ancestors of Certain Americans, p. 87.

Richard of England¹

M, #4610, b. 5 January 1209, d. 2 April 1272

Father*

John Lackland^1,2,3 b. 27 Dec 1166, d. 19 Oct 1216

Mother*

Isabella of Angoulême^1,2,3 b. 1188, d. 31 May 1246

Charts

Ann Marbury Pedigree

Birth*

5 January 1209

Winchester Castle, England^1,2,4

Marriage*

30 March 1231

Fawley, Buckinghamshire, England, 2nd=Isabel Marshal^1,2,4

Marriage*

23 November 1243

Westminster Abbey, Westminster, Middlesex, England, Bride=Sanchia Berenger^1,2,4

Marriage*

16 June 1269

Kaiserslautern, Germany, without issue, Bride=Beatrice of Fauquemont^2,4

Death*

2 April 1272

Berkhamstead, England^1,2

Burial*

Hayles Abbey, England, On his monument that he had been propria contentus sorte.^1,2,5

(Witness) Note

He was a favorite of Richard, Earl of Cornwall, and assisted him at his corornation as King of the Romans., Principal=Sir James de Audley⁶

Title

Earl of Cornwall⁷

DNB*

Richard, first earl of Cornwall and king of Germany (1209-1272), was born at Winchester on 5 January 1209, the second son of King John (1167-1216) and his queen, Isabella of Angoulême (c.1188-1246).
Early life and rebellion
Baptized in memory of his uncle, Richard I, Richard was brought up at first in his mother's household at Marlborough Castle, where, in 1212, it was falsely rumoured that he had been murdered as part of a wider conspiracy against the crown. In 1213 he joined his father on a progress through the north of England, and in the following year accompanied the king's military expedition to Poitou. With the outbreak of baronial rebellion he was transferred, in April 1215, to the keeping of the Poitevin courtier Peter de Maulay at Corfe Castle. There he was placed under the supervision of a tutor, Roger of Acaster, probably a Yorkshireman native to Maulay's lordship of Mulgrave, later rewarded by his pupil with land in Cornwall. Following the death of his father, the accession to the throne of his elder brother, Henry III, and the departure of his mother, Isabella, for her homeland in France, Richard remained at Corfe in Maulay's charge until May 1220, when he was brought to London for his brother Henry's coronation. Thereafter, with Maulay's disgrace, Richard may well have resided at court. In 1221 he received a nominal grant of the honour of Eye in Suffolk, and in 1223 accompanied Alexander II of Scotland on a pilgrimage to the newly rebuilt shrine of St Thomas at Canterbury. He was knighted by his brother at Westminster on 2 February 1225, shortly after his sixteenth birthday, and a few days later received the county of Cornwall to hold during the king's pleasure, pending Henry III's majority.

A month later, in the company of William (I) Longespée, earl of Salisbury, and Philip d'Aubigny, Richard was appointed leader of an expedition sent to recover Poitou and to rescue Gascony from the threat of a French invasion. Although promoted merely as a figurehead, from August 1225 he assumed the title of count of Poitou. The chronicler Matthew Paris was to claim, much later, that in 1225 Richard was also granted Gascony in a secret charter from the king. This story is implausible, not only because the king was prevented from issuing charters until 1226, but because the surviving records suggest that Richard's activities in Gascony were subject to control by the other leaders of his expedition. He did, however, appoint an official to administer his rights at La Réole in Gascony, and issued at least one charter, styling himself ‘count of Poitou and brother of the king of England’, confirming the monks of Granselve in a pension at Bordeaux, and right of passage in the waters of the River Garonne, first granted to them by his uncle Richard during his own time as count of Poitou before 1189. Probably there was no clear distinction in Richard's mind between his rights as count of Poitou and the more extensive franchises exercised further south by the dukes of Aquitaine. Financed by an enormous treasure raised from taxation in England, Richard's expedition succeeded in stabilizing Plantagenet power over Gascony, but enjoyed little success against the barons of Poitou. Negotiations for a marriage between Richard and a daughter of the king of the Spanish realm of León were terminated following intervention from Henry III's council in England, and with the retirement of the earl of Salisbury after October 1225 little further was achieved. Following the death of the French king, Louis VIII, in November 1226, various of the great magnates of Poitou considered rejoining the Plantagenet camp, and in February 1227 Richard engaged in negotiations at Thouars in an attempt to establish an alliance with the northern French counts of Champagne and Bar. This projected alliance came to nothing, however, and in April 1227 Richard returned to England after two years abroad.

By now, aged eighteen, Richard could expect considerable favours from his brother Henry, who had only recently cast off the shackles of his prolonged minority council to assume personal rule as king. On 30 May 1227, at Westminster, Richard was belted with the earldom of Cornwall, effectively as the first earl of Cornwall since 1175 and the death of Earl Reginald, an illegitimate son of Henry I. However, the Cornish lands and the other honours that Richard had received since 1221 were conferred upon him merely during the king's pleasure, without any award in hereditary fee. In July 1227, when Richard attempted to eject Waleran the German, a royal mercenary and former servant of his mother, from a manor belonging to the earldom of Cornwall, Waleran complained to the king who ordered his immediate restitution, perhaps even threatening Richard with banishment should he fail to comply. Richard left court in fury, and at Reading entered into an alliance with his brother-in-law William (II) Marshal, earl of Pembroke, subsequently extended to include the earls of Chester, Gloucester, Warenne, Hereford, Ferrers, and Warwick. The earls and their followers gathered in arms at Stamford, issuing demands to the king and his chief minister, Hubert de Burgh, protesting against a recent perambulation of the royal forests, and demanding that curbs be placed upon the personal power of de Burgh. Richard himself was at odds with de Burgh over their respective claims to the honour of Berkhamsted, which Richard had been forced to surrender in July 1227 to Hubert's nephew Raymond. About 11 August 1227 Richard travelled under safe conduct to parley with the king at Northampton, and was there bought off with an award of the dower lands recently confiscated from his mother, Queen Isabella, and with English lands seized from the lords of St Valéry-sur-Somme, including the Oxfordshire honour of Beckley. With Richard's defection, the baronial alliance collapsed in disarray: the first of many occasions in his life when Richard was to affect sympathy for the barons, only to abandon his baronial allies once his own, personal grievances had been settled with the king.
Politics and lordship, 1227–1235
Over the next two years, Richard was able to consolidate his burgeoning lordship. In November 1229 he received the vast honour of Wallingford during pleasure, and at much the same time was restored to control of Berkhamsted. In 1230, on coming of age, he was confirmed in his previous, nominal, award of the honour of Eye, granted 1000 marks, and appointed custodian of the lands and heirs of Theobald Walter in England and Ireland. His whereabouts are uncertain before May 1230, when he joined Henry III's ill-fated expedition to France, landing at St Malo in Brittany and thereafter, in September 1230, serving as one of the English envoys to arrange a truce with France and a prolongation of the king's alliance with Pierre, duke of Brittany. In October, having fallen ill with the king at Redon, he returned to England, the expedition having been abandoned as a costly fiasco. In all likelihood, given his own, personal interest in restoring English lordship over Poitou, Richard was dissatisfied with the conduct of the campaign, and above all with the timidity shown by the king's chief minister, Hubert de Burgh, who had counselled against any major engagement with the French, either in Poitou or in Normandy.

Shortly after his return, on 30 March 1231, Richard was married to Isabella Marshal, sister to the earl of Pembroke and widow of Gilbert de Clare, late earl of Gloucester. The marriage took place at the Marshal manor of Fawley near Henley, and marks a significant breach in the relations between Richard and his brother the king. By allying himself to the Marshal, Richard threatened to bring together two of the greatest baronial power blocs in opposition to the king and de Burgh. Added to this, Richard's marriage opened the prospect that Richard himself might inherit the throne should his brother die, since Henry III was himself unmarried and destined to remain a bachelor for the next five years. In the meantime, the royal succession would pass to any children that Richard might have with Isabella. The first such child was born on 31 January 1232 and baptized John: a controversial choice of name, given the evil reputation that had already begun to cling to the memory of Richard's father, the late king. In the immediate term, the threat of an alliance with the Marshal was ended in April 1231 with William Marshal's death and the dispute that erupted thereafter over the accession of his younger brother, Richard Marshal, a subject of the kings of France. Richard of Cornwall received custody of the Briouze lands in England and of various Irish estates, previously held by William Marshal. However, suspicions still lingered that he intended throwing in his lot with the Marshal heir. In early May 1231 he was ordered to surrender the honour and castle of Wallingford, and on 20 May Hubert de Burgh took control of the Briouze lands for himself.

Once again, as in 1227, Richard was poised on the edge of rebellion, and once again he preferred to seek a reconciliation with the court. At Painscastle in the Welsh marches on 10 August 1231 he was at last granted royal charters establishing his control over Cornwall, Wallingford, Eye, and Beckley in hereditary fee, rather than as previously during the king's pleasure. This settlement, which was accompanied by the recognition of Richard Marshal as earl of Pembroke and the admission to court of Simon de Montfort, heir to the earldom of Leicester, marked the beginning of the end for the king's chief minister, Hubert de Burgh, thereafter supplanted in the king's favour by the alien bishop of Winchester, Peter des Roches, and by des Roches's nephew, Peter de Rivallis. Richard of Cornwall had good cause to ally himself to this new order at court: he had been raised in the household of Peter de Maulay, a close associate of Bishop des Roches, and in 1227, at the time of his first threatened rebellion, had received entertainment and provisions from des Roches's estate bailiffs. Like Richard Marshal, des Roches, Maulay, and Simon de Montfort (and unlike Hubert de Burgh), Richard possessed a strong personal interest in pursuing a more aggressive policy towards Poitou and the king's French dominions. On the fall of de Burgh, in the summer of 1232, Richard duly fell into line behind the new regime. He was present in mid-September, when discussions were held over the advisability of putting de Burgh on trial, and in November was one of the four earls appointed to ensure de Burgh's close confinement at Devizes. At the same time he was allowed possession of the dower of his wife, Isabella, which seems previously to have been retained by de Burgh in his capacity as custodian of the honour of Gloucester. He seems also to have bestowed land in Cornwall upon Peter de Rivallis, the chief executive of the new regime. However, on 10 November the regime authorized a visitation of the judicial eyre, set to hear pleas in Cornwall in January 1233, the first such visitation of the county in more than thirty years, and an obvious challenge to Richard's autonomy as earl. Two weeks later the eyre was postponed until April, but the breach between Richard and the king's ministers, far from being healed, appears to have grown wider as des Roches and his supporters persuaded the king to dispense with the counsels of Richard Marshal, and to rule in a more arbitrary way, reminiscent of the practices of King John. The crisis came in the spring of 1233, with the arbitrary seizure of the manor of Upavon, previously conferred by royal charter upon one of the Marshal's dependants, now awarded to Peter de Maulay, Richard of Cornwall's former guardian, who had held the manor under King John. Far from supporting Maulay and des Roches in their moves against the Marshal, Richard of Cornwall appears to have withdrawn his support from des Roches's regime, and in March 1233, in alliance with Richard Marshal, conducted a brief but provocative campaign to drive the Welsh from Radnor. Here he was motivated both by a desire to protect the Briouze lands, then in his custody, and also by annoyance that the regime had denied him his claims to act as custodian to the young earl of Gloucester, his stepson, who was instead placed under the wardship of Bishop des Roches. Richard's offensive against Radnor was conducted without the approval of either the king or his ministers, and effectively wrecked the chances of any truce with the Welsh. Richard made no further appearance at court until June 1233, when various conciliatory awards were made to him, including the profits of the Cornish eyre that had duly convened in April amid considerable local disturbance. In August, when Richard Marshal approached the court to attempt a settlement, it was Richard of Cornwall's wife, Isabella, the Marshal's sister, who warned him to flee or face arrest. Thereafter, the chronicler Roger of Wendover implies that Richard was bribed by des Roches to abandon the Marshal. In support of this allegation, in August Richard received custody of the earldom of Devon together with Christchurch and Carisbrooke castles, which des Roches had previously controlled.

Henceforth the Marshal and his supporters appear to have regarded Richard as a traitor to their cause. It was against the Briouze castle of Hay-on-Wye, then in Richard's custody, that the Marshal's men launched the first of their acts of violent rebellion in August 1233, followed that winter by a campaign of daring raids in which Richard's property was singled out for destruction. In December 1233 his favourite seat at Beckley was attacked and burnt in a raid led by Richard Siward, a Marshal supporter. Richard himself continued to stand aloof from des Roches's regime, and made only one appearance at court over the next few months, on 14 March 1234, on which occasion he was granted the manor of Haughley in Essex in perpetual fee, confiscated from the estate previously controlled by Hubert de Burgh. Three weeks later he was at Canterbury on 2 April for the consecration of Archbishop Edmund, an event that marked the end of des Roches's ascendancy at court. Thereafter Richard proved one of the chief beneficiaries of des Roches's fall, over the next twelve months receiving the Yorkshire honour of Knaresborough, confirmation of the manors of Haughley and Kirton previously held by de Burgh, and custody of the entire Briouze estate in Sussex and the Welsh marches, subsequently sold to Gilbert Marshal for 3000 marks. In general, the events of 1232–4 had confirmed Richard's untrustworthiness as an advocate of the barons, first supporting Richard Marshal and then abandoning him after June 1233 in return for rich favours from his brother the king. In the process, Richard acquired enormous personal wealth combined with a reputation for duplicity among his erstwhile allies. The tensions to which this gave rise lingered for at least a further two years, resulting, in 1236, in the banishment from court of Richard Siward, disgraced at the behest of Richard of Cornwall in revenge for Siward's earlier attack upon the manor of Beckley.
Diplomacy and crusade, 1235–1241
By 1236 Richard was undoubtedly the richest earl in England, with a vast personal fortune and an effectively autonomous authority over Cornwall. His marriage to Isabella Marshal, which in 1235 had been subject to strain and the threat that Richard might seek a papal annulment following the death in infancy of their first two children, was stabilized following the birth on 2 November 1235 of a son and heir, Henry of Almain. His wealth and ambition were sufficient to attract the attention of the Holy Roman emperor, Frederick II, recently married to Richard's sister Isabella. Early in 1236 Frederick sought Richard's participation in a proposed anti-French alliance. In the event, Richard was prevented from taking up this proposal by the king and by concerted baronial disapproval. None the less, in June 1236 he took the cross at Winchester, immediately felling his woods to pay for his crusade. In January 1237 he obtained a forced levy of 3000 marks from the Jews. His departure was postponed, after February 1237, following the receipt of papal letters addressed to Richard, Simon de Montfort, and the earl of Salisbury, no doubt solicited by the king, urging them to consider the dangers in which England itself was placed, and not to set out without specific papal licence. As a result, Richard witnessed, disapprovingly, the new ascendancy at court being obtained by the king's uncle by marriage, William, bishop-elect of Valence, and the other Savoyard kinsmen of the queen, Eleanor of Provence, who had married Henry III in January 1236. These tensions exploded in January 1238, following the secret marriage of the king's younger sister Eleanor to the French-born Simon de Montfort. Richard entered into a hasty alliance with Gilbert Marshal, earl of Pembroke, and the earl of Winchester, which met in armed opposition at Kingston. In all likelihood, Richard was spurred into rebellion by hopes of repeating his earlier successes of 1227 and 1233, and out of a sense of pique that the resources of the crown, to which he was still heir presumptive, were being squandered on the king's foreign favourites. The threatened rebellion led the king to write to the Cinque Ports, urging them to enter into no arrangement with Richard, but as before Richard almost immediately made peace with his brother. Late in February 1238 he abandoned the barons, who received nothing more than a series of empty promises of reform.

On 4 March both Henry and Richard attended the deathbed of their sister Joan, queen of Scotland, and in May the king made arrangements to dispatch 6000 marks to France for the use of Richard on his forthcoming crusade. Amid attempts by both Pope Gregory IX and the emperor, Frederick II, to divert Richard's crusading ardour towards their own internecine wars in Italy, in April 1238 Richard was granted papal licence to put all legacies to the Holy Land or sums paid for the redemption of crusader vows to his own use. A further attempt by the pope to persuade him to divert his expedition from the Holy Land to the needs of the Latin empire of Constantinople, and fears for the safety of England during his absence, delayed his departure for a further year, during which Richard stood as godfather to the king's eldest son, the Lord Edward, born in May 1239, sought to mediate between the king, Gilbert Marshal, and Simon de Montfort, and spent Christmas 1239 with the royal court at Winchester, where he persuaded Henry to admit his ward, Baldwin de Revières, to the earldom of Devon. Further delay was caused by the death of Richard's wife, Isabella, at Berkhamsted on 17 January 1240, shortly after her delivery of a stillborn son. In May 1240 Richard served as one of the commissioners to make peace with the Welsh, before travelling to London where on 5 June he appointed Henry III to serve as guardian to his son and heir, Henry of Almain, and the abbots of Wardon and Beaulieu and his clerk Robert of Astill to take care of his ecclesiastical patronage. He embarked at Dover on 10 June in company with the earl of Salisbury and several dozen knights, including his former tutor, Peter de Maulay. At Paris he was entertained by Louis IX, and assisted in the renewal of the Anglo-French truce. His journey down the Rhône was disturbed by a violent encounter with the men of Vienne, who impounded his transport ships, and by attempts by papal agents to dissuade him from sailing or at least to divert his departure from Marseilles to Aiguesmortes. In response, Richard sent a notorious anti-papalist, Robert of Thwing, to serve as his spokesman at Rome. Richard himself sailed from Marseilles in mid-September, landing at Acre on 8 October 1240. In the Holy Land he found a disturbed situation, in which the leaders of the military orders were at odds with one another over whether to seek an alliance with the Muslims of Egypt or of Damascus, and in which the recent crusade of the count of Champagne had only fuelled the long-standing disputes in the East between those who favoured the claims to the throne of Jerusalem advanced by Emperor Frederick II, and those who preferred rule by the local aristocracy of Outremer. Richard, although officially recognized as the emperor's delegate, attempted to stand apart from these disputes, joining the duke of Burgundy in an effort to rebuild the fortifications of Ascalon, and in April 1241 ratifying a truce that had been arranged between Count Thibault of Champagne and the Ayubid sultan of Egypt. As a result of this truce, various Frankish prisoners were released from captivity, including Aimaury de Montfort, the brother of Simon. Without engaging in any further military venture, Richard then set sail for Europe, landing at Trapani on 1 July 1241 to spend several months at the court of his brother-in-law Frederick II. His crusade had proved a qualified success, helped by the divisions within the Muslim world. However its brevity and its lack of military vigour only reinforce the impression that Richard was no great warrior, but a negotiator and schemer of genius.
Continental activity and second marriage, 1241–1246
Lavishly entertained by Frederick II with a series of spectacles, including a performance by dancing girls balanced on rolling spheres, Richard failed in his attempts to make peace between emperor and pope. Late in 1241 he set out for the north, stopping at Cremona where he was shown an elephant, later described to the chronicler Matthew Paris. On 7 January 1242 he landed at Dover where he was greeted by the king and queen. At London a triumph was held in his honour, but almost immediately he was forced to cross overseas once more, to assist his brother's projected expedition to Poitou. Possibly, it had been foreknowledge of the intention of the French king, Louis IX, to invest his younger brother Alphonse with the county of Poitou—an event that took place in June 1241—that had persuaded Richard to cut short his expedition to the Holy Land. As titular count of Poitou since 1225, he could not ignore this new threat from France, or the decision of his mother, Isabella of Angoulême, and her husband, Hugues de Lusignan, count of La Marche, to seek an anti-French alliance with Henry III. Neither Richard nor Henry, however, could persuade the English barons to support a continental expedition with a grant of direct subsidy. The expedition set sail from Portsmouth in May 1242, landing at the mouth of the River Gironde and from there proceeding via Pons to Saintes, where half-hearted negotiations were opened with the French. In July, Henry and Richard marched eastwards into the county of Angoulême, but their failure to secure the bridge at Taillebourg enabled Louis IX to cut off the English from their base. On 20 July 1242 the two armies faced one another, divided only by the waters of the Charente. In the English camp there were bitter recriminations between Richard and Hugues de Lusignan, with Richard blaming the latter for the failure of military supplies, and Lusignan attributing the entire affair to Richard's mother, Isabella. Despairing of victory in battle, Richard set out across the bridge at Taillebourg to negotiate, putting aside his armour and carrying nothing but a pilgrim's staff. The French, some of whom had been freed from captivity in the Holy Land by Richard's endeavours the previous year, agreed to a twenty-four hour truce. Spurred on by Richard's cry to them to flee as quickly as possible, the English made an inglorious retreat to Saintes. Thereafter, abandoned by Lusignan, and forced to fall back across the Gironde, the expedition disintegrated into a futile, year-long progress through Gascony.

Richard had meanwhile quarrelled with his brother in late August 1242, almost certainly over Richard's claims to Gascony. At Saintes, either shortly before the débâcle at Taillebourg, or in reward for Richard's services as peacemaker in late July, the king had issued a charter granting him Gascony as his personal possession. This met with bitter reproval from Queen Eleanor, who perhaps already hoped that Gascony might pass to her son, the future Edward I. According to Matthew Paris, Henry went so far as to bribe the men of Bordeaux to imprison Richard, who was forced to take refuge in the city's church of Ste Croix. Richard may also have been angered by the king's treatment of William de Ros, a north-country knight who was forced to leave the expedition because of his poverty. Richard was licensed to return to England on 22 August, and again on 2 September, although he did not in fact sail for several weeks, arriving at the Isles of Scilly on 18 October 1242. According to one source, he may have spent the intervening weeks in a fruitless attempt to visit Provence, where he had hoped to view his future bride, Sanchia, sister of Queen Eleanor, to whom he had been betrothed by proxy in July 1242 following negotiations carried out at Tarascon by Peter of Savoy and the Savoyard bishop of Hereford, Peter d'Aigueblanche. In the event, Richard broke off his projected journey to Provence, fearing ambush, and came close to shipwreck on his return voyage to England, vowing to build an abbey should he escape with his life. This vow was fulfilled in 1246 with his foundation of the Cistercian abbey of Hailes in Gloucestershire. Sanchia herself arrived in England in 1243, and was married to Richard at Westminster on 23 November. Having granted Richard £2000 in cash and a promise of 1000 marks a year at the time of his marriage, in December 1243 the king demanded a written renunciation of any rights that Richard might possess in Ireland or Gascony, together with an explicit disclaimer of the award that had been made at Saintes. In return, Richard was confirmed in possession of Cornwall and of the honours of Wallingford and Eye. By his marriage to Sanchia, Richard acquired an interest in the affairs of both Provence and Savoy. In 1246, together with Henry III, he sought, unsuccessfully, to oppose the efforts of Charles of Anjou, brother of Louis IX, recently married to Sanchia's younger sister Béatrice, to claim the entire dominion of Count Raymond-Berengar (V) of Provence, who at his death in August 1245 had deliberately excluded all of his daughters save for Béatrice from any claim to his lands. With respect to Savoy, Richard's marriage greatly improved the relations that he had already established with the Savoyards in England, and in particular with Peter of Savoy, titular earl of Richmond, whom Richard henceforth served as banker and political ally.
Diplomacy and regency, 1244–1254
In domestic politics, Richard continued to act as a mediator between king and barons. In 1244, besides negotiating a treaty with Alexander II of Scotland, he was named as one of the committee of twelve, appointed to supervise reforms of the realm, encapsulated in a surviving but never implemented ‘paper constitution’. By this time, with the collapse in royal finances brought about by the expedition to Poitou, and with the mounting pressure to find money and lands to reward the various foreign favourites at court, Richard was already serving to prop up royal government by a series of ever more massive loans to his brother, financed in part from the profits of the Cornish tin mines, and in part from Richard's other perquisites, including the collection of redemption fines from those who failed to fulfil their crusading vows, a privilege first granted to Richard in 1238, but which he had continued to exercise long after his return from the East. In 1245 Richard loaned £2000 to the king to support an expedition against the Welsh. None the less, still smarting from his disappointments over Gascony, he is rumoured to have shown too great a sympathy for the king's enemies. In the following year he at first urged resistance to demands for papal taxation, and then persuaded his brother to accede to the pope's requests. It is possible that this change of mind was the result of papal bribery, since in the meantime Richard had received the pope's licence to continue his lucrative collection of crusader fines and legacies. His financial situation was further strengthened in 1247 when he was granted powers to supervise and to profit from the minting of new coin, a lucrative privilege that he was to continue to exercise for the next ten years and which brought him several thousand pounds in profit. In 1247 he crossed overseas with his son Henry, in a vain attempt to persuade Louis IX to relinquish Normandy on the eve of the French king's departure for crusade, and in order to visit the shrine of the newly canonized St Edmund of Canterbury at Pontigny, Richard paying one quarter of the cost of the shrine. At Easter 1249 he refused to attend the king's parliament, claiming the pressure of his own private business in Cornwall, but perhaps still angered by the king's attitude to Gascony, which in September 1249 was formally promised to the future Edward I.

In March 1250, together with Peter of Savoy, Richard travelled to France for a renewal of the Anglo-French truce. From Paris, with a magnificent retinue, he travelled on to the papal court at Lyons, where in early April he secured a mandate from Innocent IV awarding a tax of one-tenth of clerical incomes to Henry III, who had taken the cross on 6 March. Rumour suggests that at this meeting the pope made his first offer to Richard of the crown of Sicily, should Richard be prepared to lead a military expedition to expel the island's Hohenstaufen rulers. Returning home, he made a second pilgrimage to St Edmund at Pontigny, and at St Denis arranged the purchase of the alien priory of Deerhurst in Gloucestershire, apparently intending to convert the site into a castle, a project that was never put into effect. In London, acting together with Simon de Montfort, he served as mediator between the citizens and the monks of Westminster, and in 1251 he made a further visit to Westminster, to arbitrate between the monks and their abbot over the division of monastic property. In January 1252 he served once again as arbiter, in the bitter dispute between Simon de Montfort and the king over Simon's expenses and record as seneschal in Gascony since 1248. When this was followed by a further renewal of the promise that Gascony should pass to the Lord Edward, Richard left court in disgust, being bought off thereafter with a series of significant grants from the crown, including the manors of Oakham in Rutland and Lechlade in Gloucestershire.

The king then determined on personal intervention in Gascony. On 22 June 1253 the great seal was entrusted to Queen Eleanor, and on 7 July the queen was formally appointed to serve as regent in Henry's absence, acting with the counsel of Richard. In fact, the burden of the regency fell on Richard alone. In December 1253 he summoned a parliament to discuss aid for the king, himself promising 300 knights for Gascony, but failing to secure any grant of taxation from the laity. By the end of January 1254 Richard was preparing to sail in person to assist his brother, and in the following month took the unprecedented step of summoning two knights from each shire to represent lay opinion in parliament, the first occasion that elected delegates or representatives of the shires had been summoned in this way. In March 1254 he presided over the publication of a reissue of Magna Carta that had been formally agreed in May 1253. But in the event, neither Magna Carta nor the parliamentary summons excited support, and when the queen eventually sailed to Gascony in May, without Richard, she was accompanied by only forty knights. For his services as sole regent in England after May 1254, and in repayment of the vast loans that he had made to the crown since the mid-1240s, Richard was henceforth awarded ever greater control over the Jews of England. Matthew Paris reports that in 1254 Richard sought to protect Abraham of Berkhamsted, a Jew accused of desecrating an image of the Virgin and child, released from imprisonment at Richard's request and in return for a substantial fine. Two years later, he is said to have intervened on behalf of the Jews of Lincoln, victimized following the supposed martyrdom of Little St Hugh. As early as 1235 he had secured licence to have the Jews reside at his manor of Berkhamsted, and in 1242 this community had been transferred, together with their loan chest, to Wallingford, thereafter playing a significant role in Richard's financial dealings.
King of Germany
During his Gascon expedition Henry III had accepted the pope's offer of the throne of Sicily, prudently refused by Richard in 1250 and again, at least twice more, between 1252 and 1254. As a result, the king was committed to vast expenditure in mounting a campaign for the island's conquest, even despite his overextended domestic expenditure. Richard, who seems to have regarded ‘the Sicilian business’ as mere folly, henceforth withdrew the financial support that had previously propped up his brother's regime. In 1255 he refused to lend 5000 marks to the pope, arguing that no adequate security had been offered, and in parliament, in October 1255, he openly spurned his brother's request for a further loan.

Almost immediately, however, Richard became embroiled in an adventure just as ambitious as that of his brother in Sicily. William of Holland, papal candidate for the title of Holy Roman emperor, died on 28 January 1256. Barely a week later, at Richard's petition, the royal exchequer granted a pension to Jean d'Avesnes, count of Hainault, and before the end of February Henry III had dispatched ambassadors to Rome, empowered to work for the promotion of a suitable successor to William as king of Germany. There seems little doubt that Richard's name was already being canvassed in papal and imperial circles. More intelligent and more forceful than his brother Henry, Richard had none the less been prevented from assuming the crown of England through the accident of primogeniture. He had turned down the pope's offer of the throne of Sicily, judging it to be a hopeless and potentially disastrous enterprise, but when the throne of Germany fell vacant his ambitions at last found an appropriate outlet. To become king, let alone Holy Roman emperor, Richard would need to overcome a number of formidable obstacles: he would first have to obtain the support of a majority of the imperial electors before being recognized in Germany. He would then require papal recognition to be crowned emperor, and to obtain this he would have to ensure that no significant voices were raised against him either in Germany or in France. Even then, the imperial title would be an empty bauble unless he could provide men and money to secure the imperial lands south of the Alps, hotly disputed since the death of Frederick II. Since no allodial lands were attached to the throne of Germany, successive kings and emperors had been forced to depend upon their own personal resources to finance armies and administration—a situation in many ways resembling that already encountered by Richard during his years as count of Poitou. Set against these potential difficulties, Richard could count upon the support of his brother, Henry III, to whom it was important that a sympathetic ally be placed upon the throne of Germany, in order to further Henry's own ambitions in Sicily. Richard possessed great wealth, considerable diplomatic skills, and a standing both in France and at the imperial court sufficient for his enterprise.

Richard's first task was to win over the imperial electors, which he proceeded to do through open bribery. A total of 28,000 marks was paid to Ludwig, count palatine, and the archbishops of Cologne and Mainz to secure three of the seven potential votes. At London on 26 December 1256 the crown of Germany was solemnly offered to Richard by the archbishop of Cologne, and at Frankfurt on 13 January 1257 his three supporters conducted a formal ceremony of election. The remaining four electors—of Saxony, Brandenburg, the archbishop of Trèves, and Ottokar of Bohemia—a clear majority, proceeded shortly afterwards to the election of King Alfonso of Castile, a Hohenstaufen candidate. But Ottokar's support for Alfonso was by no means unwavering, while Alfonso himself was in no position, either financially, or in light of his own problems in Castile, to make a personal appearance in Germany. As a result, on 29 April 1257 Richard set sail from Yarmouth with a large entourage, having earlier that month received the homage of the archbishop of Cologne and Count Florence of Holland. He landed at Dordrecht on 1 May, and from there made his way to Aachen where he and Sanchia were crowned as king and queen of Germany by the archbishop of Cologne on Ascension day (17 May). Richard provided a splendid feast for his supporters before proceeding down the Rhine, reaching Mainz in September where he held his first royal parliament or diet. He retired northwards to the lower Rhineland for the winter, before making a similar progress in the spring of 1258, travelling as far south as Worms and at Aachen paying for the construction of a new town hall. Throughout this period, using his imperial style as king of the Romans and a new royal seal that had been cast for him, he confirmed existing imperial privileges and issued charters of his own to the towns of the upper Rhine. Without possessing anything in the way of lands or a settled administrative capital, and without subduing the opposition of three of the German electors, he had none the less achieved a remarkable success, gaining recognition for his authority throughout the Rhineland and as far north as Lübeck and Ratzeburg. He lacked only papal approval for his election, to obtain which it was essential that he reduce Alfonso of Castile's standing with the papacy. This in turn required that Alfonso be deprived of the support of Louis IX of France, the pope's chief protector, who was naturally apprehensive of the appearance of an English king in Germany. In June 1258 Richard sent his protonotary Master Arnold of Holland to seal a preliminary draft of the Anglo-French treaty of Paris, resigning any interest that Richard might have in the Plantaganet lands in France save for his claims to the Angoumois which had been ruled by his mother, Isabella of Angoulême, as countess in her own right.
Domestic turmoil, 1258–1260
In the winter of 1258 Richard made his way back towards the channel. His departure from England two years previously had served as a catalyst to rebellion. No longer cowed by fear of Richard, the baronage rose up against Henry III, who himself had been deprived of the financial and political support that Richard had previously brought to royal government. Clearly there was apprehension that Richard might seek to overturn the programme of reform that had been enacted in his absence, and to restore the king's hated Lusignan half-brothers to their English estates. Before crossing to Dover he was several times asked to swear an oath to uphold the reforming provisions of Oxford. Having initially refused this, in the end he complied at Canterbury on 28 January 1259, taking the prescribed oath in the presence of the king and of Boniface of Savoy, archbishop of Canterbury. London was once again decorated to mark his return, and at Westminster on 10 February he ratified a second version of the treaty of Paris, essential in his strategy against Alfonso of Castile. Thereafter, for the remainder of the year, he seems entirely to have avoided political involvement, retiring to his own estates, no doubt to raise money and to set his own affairs in order. In July 1259, at Westminster, he served as arbiter in a long-standing dispute over jurisdiction between the archbishop of Canterbury and Bishop Lawrence of Rochester. In March 1259 came the first signs that his overtures to the pope were taking effect, with papal letters to the duke of Burgundy urging him to support Richard in his bid for the imperial title, followed by an invitation to Richard himself to come to Rome. Initially, Richard proposed accompanying Henry III to Abbeville in December 1259 for the solemn ratification of the Anglo-French treaty. In the event he remained behind, perhaps to counter baronial infringements upon his liberties, threatened by the terms of the provisions of Westminster and by the activities of a special judicial inquiry. To forestall such infringements, Richard obtained licence in October 1260 to oversee the appointment of nominees from his own tenantry to investigate abuses, a measure that continued to protect him until January 1262 when it was commanded that his own nominees answer to three justices appointed by the council. Meanwhile, in April 1260, at the king's request, he was instrumental in excluding the rival parties of the Lord Edward, Simon de Montfort, and the earl of Gloucester from London which was thus secured for Henry III. Subsequently, he reconciled Edward to his father, and in June 1260 presided over a treaty of peace between Edward and the earl of Gloucester, before leaving London on 17 June en route for Dover and his German realm. Throughout this period, although standing outwardly aloof from either the baronial or the royal camp, there can be little doubt that he approved entirely Henry III's attempts to undermine the baronial programme of reform.
Hindered imperial ambition
Richard's second visit to Germany had been planned as a triumphant progress, set to culminate in his coronation as emperor at Rome. In the preceding months, he had continued to issue charters from England for his German subjects, including an award to his brother-in-law, Peter of Savoy, of the strategically significant lordship of Gummingen. Following an extended stay at Cambrai where he invested Marguerite, countess of Flanders, and her son Gui with their imperial lands, he travelled on to Worms where he remained from early August until 17 September 1260, declaring his imminent intention to cross the Alps to Bologna. He then turned back, retracing his journey up the Rhine, to arrive in England on 24 October. His loss of confidence is to be explained first and foremost by the defeat of the anti-Hohenstaufen armies of northern Italy at Montaperto on 4 September, after which Richard could no longer hope for a safe passage through to Rome. In addition, following much lobbying by Alfonso of Castile, the pope had reverted to his former neutrality, depriving Richard of any expectation of a speedy recognition as emperor. Richard's best opportunity to obtain the imperial throne had been let slip, and with it he lost much of his previously high reputation within Germany. Despite spending Christmas 1260 with the king at Windsor, he continued to live for most of his time on his own estates. With the approaching crisis in royal government, in January 1261 he was licensed to munition his own castles, and he was present in London in the following month when the citizens were made to swear oaths of fealty to the king. Thereafter he disappears once again from public life until October 1261. Behind the scenes he was almost certainly active in counselling Henry to obtain papal annulment of the baronial provisions and to throw off the limitations that had been placed upon royal power. By October Richard was offering the king his services, if need be, to land foreign mercenaries in Cornwall, and thereafter acted as mediator to reconcile Henry to the earl of Gloucester. In the spring of 1262 he once again served as arbiter, over the king's demand to control the appointment of sheriffs, entirely vindicating the king's prerogative rights. In the meantime he suffered the death of his second wife, Sanchia, on 9 November, buried at Hailes on 15 November 1262 but in the absence of her husband, an indication perhaps that Richard's affections for her had long cooled.

In April 1261 Richard had been elected senator of Rome for life, a purely honorary title which he made no attempt to exercise in person and in which he was subsequently supplanted by Charles of Anjou, brother of Louis IX. The death of Pope Alexander IV and the accession of Urban IV in August 1261 had brought the papacy no closer to a decision over the imperial election. However, in May 1262 news reached England of a threat to elect Conradin, the grandson of Frederick II, as king in Richard's stead, supported by the Count Palatine Ludwig, the newly elected Archbishop Engelbert of Cologne, and the archbishop of Mainz. This threat, exacerbated by disputes between Richard and Conradin over Conradin's claim to Swabia, and by tensions between the archbishop of Mainz and Richard's official Philip von Hohenfels, could not be ignored. On 20 June 1262 Richard set out once more for Germany, making a third progress through the Low Countries and thence down the Rhine. At Aachen, on 13 July, he deposited a duplicate set of imperial regalia, apparently fearing that in future he might be unable to obtain access to the true regalia, stored in the great imperial fortress of the Trifels. On 6 August, to ensure the support of Ottokar of Bohemia and to reward him for his earlier abandonment of King Alfonso, Richard issued a charter granting Ottokar the duchies of Austria and Styria, an indication of the extent to which he was prepared to tolerate the disintegration of his own German realm east of the Rhine, albeit in a region that had long since slipped from imperial control. A day later, Pope Urban announced that both Richard and Alfonso were to be granted equal recognition as king-elect, and that both were to be summoned to Rome. By November Richard was in sight of the Alps, taking Zürich under his protection and perhaps visiting Basel. This was the furthest south he was ever to reach, and in November he turned back, making his way down the Rhine to the coast, landing in England on 10 February 1263.
Civil war in England
The political situation to which Richard returned was a troubled one. England stood on the brink of civil war between the king and the supporters of Simon de Montfort, with the Welsh already in open rebellion. On Richard's arrival from Germany it was rumoured that he had come to seize the throne and to rule in place of both Henry and the as yet untested Lord Edward. In fact, once again, he attempted to steer a middle course, retiring to his own estates and offering only muted support to his brother the king. In April 1263 he may have been among the barons who met at Oxford to renew the reforming provisions. In June he was with the royal court in London when Henry received the barons' petition. Thereafter he attempted, in vain, to act as a mediator with Montfort. In July 1263 he undertook to seal the king's agreement to respect the baronial provisions, but his show of neutrality seems by this stage to have left him isolated from both the baronial and the royalist camps. In September Pope Urban IV was persuaded to write to Richard, accusing him of conniving in the barons' rebellion by lending insufficient support to his brother the king. These letters would not have been written without approval from Henry's proctors at Rome, although they should be set in the context of Urban's attempts to mediate in the imperial election dispute, where in August he had summoned both Richard and Alfonso to appear in Rome on 2 May 1265. In addition, they may reflect the king's anger with Richard's son, Henry of Almain, who throughout the summer of 1263 had openly sided with Montfort.

With the king's resumption of personal power in October, Richard was granted wardship of the major northern estate of the Mowbrays, and he joined Henry in late November 1263 in an unsuccessful attempt to seize Dover Castle from the barons. On the king's crossing to France in January 1264, for the publication of formal arbitration by Louis IX, Richard remained behind in England, effectively as Henry's regent. On 4 February, shortly before making a personal tour of the marches, he ordered the destruction of all bridges across the Severn save for that at Gloucester, in an attempt to prevent incursions by the Welsh. He rejoined the king at Windsor in March, and thereafter was in constant attendance at court. Meanwhile his manor of Isleworth was attacked by the London mob, who also sacked his mansion at Westminster, actions that were to transform Richard into one of the most outspoken of royalists, determined upon armed confrontation with Montfort. The attack on Isleworth had been led by Sir Hugh Despenser, Montfort's keeper of the Tower of London and a tenant of Richard in Rutlandshire, perhaps in an attempt to provoke a royalist attack upon London. At Lewes in early May Richard and the king were offered a huge sum, £30,000, in compensation from the barons, in return for peace, but the offer came to nothing. The chronicler William Rishanger blames Richard for the collapse of negotiations and his action in persuading the Lord Edward to join with him in a letter of defiance, preserved in several sources, which in turn provoked the barons into a formal withdrawal of their homage to the king, on 12 or 13 May.

In the battle fought at Lewes on 14 May 1264 Richard failed to distinguish himself before being taken prisoner by John Giffard, a knight of the earl of Gloucester. At some time during the battle he was confined in a windmill, where, according to the Melrose chronicler, he was taunted by the victorious barons who mocked at his grand titles as king of the Romans, semper augustus, calling to him to come out of the mill: ‘Come down, come down, you worst of millers: Come out, come out, you evil master of the mill’ (Stevenson, 196). From Lewes he was conveyed to the Tower of London, and thereafter placed in the charge of his sister, Simon de Montfort's wife Eleanor, at Wallingford, despite the prior claims to his ransom advanced by the earl of Gloucester. His estates were seized and thereafter administered by Montfort's son Guy. A rescue attempt led by Robert Waleran was foiled in November, whereafter Richard was transferred for safer keeping to Kenilworth, where he was placed in chains following the escape from prison of the Lord Edward in May 1265. The Melrose chronicle alleges that in the winter of 1264 he procured his release in return for a ransom of £17,000 of silver and £5000 of gold, but, although he may have offered such a sum, in the event he was destined to remain a prisoner until after the baronial defeat at Evesham. He was released on 6 September 1265 by Simon de Montfort the younger and the bishops of Worcester and Coventry, in return for an oath sworn by Richard later that day in Kenilworth Priory, promising to do his best to protect his sister Eleanor, Montfort's widow, from any reprisals by the royalists. Rishanger claims that the garrison of Kenilworth would have killed him, but for the intervention of the young Montfort. From Kenilworth he made his way to Wallingford where he was joyfully received by his household on 9 September, and where he received royal letters intended to assist him in the recovery of his ravaged estates. On 31 October 1265 he was at Canterbury to welcome the newly arrived papal legate Ottobuono, with whom he later made arrangements for the surrender of Eleanor de Montfort and her children.

Thereafter Richard seems to have retired once again from court, preoccupied with his own affairs including, on 18 April 1266, his foundation of an Augustinian nunnery at Burnham in Buckinghamshire. Although a beneficiary of the confiscation of rebel estates, he none the less seems to have counselled clemency towards the defeated barons. In March 1267 he joined the king at Cambridge, lodging at Barnwell Priory during the negotiation of a surrender by the earl of Gloucester and other malcontents who had occupied Ely and the city of London. In April he was one of two royalist leaders commissioned to parley with Gloucester, and in the following month loaned money to the king to relieve the hardships of the royalist army encamped outside London. The final award which he negotiated between 4 and 15 June allowed for the surrender of London in return for an amnesty for the earl of Gloucester. Thereafter, having failed in his attempts to negotiate a further peace with the Welsh, he attended the court at Marlborough in November 1267, where the king issued his statute incorporating various of the baronial reforms, now reclothed as a royalist programme. In March 1268 he was present for the final settlement with the Londoners, insisting upon a separate inquiry into the outrages that the Londoners had committed against his own estates in 1264. On 10 July he obtained letters of protection for those of his followers who were to accompany him overseas, and on 4 August 1268 he sailed for Germany.
Final years and death
During Richard's absence and imprisonment the dispute over the German throne had come no closer to solution, albeit that, with the execution of Conradin in 1268, one of the three principal claimants had been removed from the scene. Between August 1268 and August 1269 Richard made a fourth and final progress down the Rhine, in April 1269 holding a diet at Worms, where the assembly sought to abolish most tolls on the Rhine, and where a new Landfriede or royal peace was proclaimed, to curb the activities of the region's warring barons. At Kaiserslautern on 16 June 1269 he married, for a third time, Beatrix von Falkenburg, a niece of the previously hostile Archbishop Engelbert of Cologne. However, lacking an army, and powerless to influence events elsewhere in his realm, he was in no position to press home his claim to the imperial title or to answer the pope's demand that he visit Rome. In 1265, at the time of his first summons, he had been a prisoner, and in 1267, although free, he had preferred to send his son, Henry of Almain, to serve as his proctor at the papal court. He was cited again in 1268 and 1269, together with Alfonso, but by this time had clearly become reconciled to deadlock in the imperial election dispute.

With his new bride Richard returned to Mainz in July, and landed at Dover on 3 August 1269, where he was greeted by the Lord Edward. By this time Henry III was in failing health, so that for the next two years Richard was to occupy a leading role in royal government. By an elaborate award, in May 1270 he mediated in the disputes between the Lord Edward and the earl of Gloucester, over Gloucester's obligations to the forthcoming crusade. When Edward set out on crusade in August, Richard was one of five counsellors appointed to manage his English affairs, and on 7 March 1271, when the king fell seriously ill, received a formal commission to act as protector of the realm. During these same months he was present in parliament, when the disinherited barons of the late rebellion were at last promised restoration of their estates, and in July 1271 witnessed major new legislation intended to limit the activities of the Jews. By this time news had reached him from Italy of the death of his eldest son, Henry of Almain, murdered at Viterbo on 13 March by Guy de Montfort, son of the late Earl Simon. These events cast a shadow over Richard's final months, compounded in August 1271 by the death of the Lord Edward's five-year-old heir, John, who had been left in his care, and whose funeral cortège Richard joined at Westminster on 8 August. On 12 December, while staying at Berkhamsted, and shortly after having been bled, Richard suffered a seizure, probably a stroke, which left him partially paralysed and unable to speak. He died at Berkhamsted on 2 April 1272; his body was buried beside his son and second wife, Sanchia, at Hailes, his heart being interred in the choir of the Franciscan church at Oxford.

By his will Richard left 8000 marks to the Holy Land, 500 marks to the Dominicans of Germany, and money to found a college of canons at Oxford, later diverted by his son and successor as earl, Edmund, towards the establishment of the Cistercian abbey of Rewley. His widow, Beatrix von Falkenburg, survived until 17 October 1277, being buried before the high altar of the Oxford Franciscans, close to her husband's heart. Richard fathered several children. With Isabella Marshal, his first wife, he had at least three sons and a daughter: John, who was born on 31 January 1232, died at Great Marlow on 22 September 1232, and was buried at Reading Abbey; Isabella, who was born about 9 September 1233, died on 6 October 1234, and was also buried at Reading; Henry of Almain, who was born on 2 November 1235 and who was murdered at Viterbo in 1271; and Nicholas, who was born and died at Berkhamsted in January 1240, shortly before the death of his mother. With his second wife, Sanchia of Provence, he had at least two children: a son born in July 1246, who died on 15 August that same year; and a second son, Edmund of Almain, Richard's eventual heir, born on 26 December 1249, who died as earl of Cornwall in 1300. Besides these legitimate offspring, Richard fathered at least one and perhaps several bastards, including the Richard of Cornwall, brother to Earl Edmund, who was killed during the storming of Berwick in 1296.
Reputation
Contemporary satire made much of Richard's eye for the ladies, branding him ‘a great lecher towards all women of whatever profession or condition, a most greedy storer-up of treasure, and a most violent oppressor of the poor’ (Ann. mon., 4.xxx). To an anonymous author, commemorating the baronial victory at Lewes, Richard was a trickster and cheat: ‘Richard thah thou be ever trichard, trichen shalt thou never more’ (Wright, 69). Certainly, he several times proved an untrustworthy ally of the barons, in 1227, 1233, and 1238 joining wider baronial confederacies only to abandon his allies once his own grievances with the crown had been settled. Although a crusader in 1240, and one of the most outspoken advocates of a military solution to the political crisis of 1264, he generally preferred negotiation and arbitration to armed conflict. According to Matthew Paris, his unwarlike nature was to be explained not by any specific physical infirmity but by a general lack of either martial spirit or good health.

As an arbiter and author of settlements to other men's disputes Richard was unrivalled in his day, making peace again and again between king and barons, and frequently serving as mediator in both baronial and ecclesiastical disputes. The richest earl in England, and one of the richest men in Europe, he spent a large part of his fortune in supporting the regime of his feckless elder brother, Henry III. Advanced in the form of loans, without usury, this money was crucial in maintaining royal government before 1255. Its withdrawal thereafter was a key element in the collapse of Henry's personal rule. As a financier, Richard served as principal governor of the mint between 1247 and 1258, an office from which he derived considerable profit. He was also closely involved with the Jews. Of his 100 or more surviving charters, a large number concern the boroughs of Cornwall, where Richard granted markets or other privileges to the men of Bodmin, Bossinney, Camelford, Dunheved, Helston, Launceston, Liskeard, Lostwithiel, Marazion, Tintagel, and West Looe. Elsewhere he issued communal charters to the men of Exeter and of Corsham in Wiltshire, and in 1265 the men of Helston, Truro, Bodmin, and Exeter are to be found acting as Richard's brokers in the export of tin from the Cornish stannaries.

However, with the exception of his dealings with the Cornish boroughs and the mint, Richard seems to have been neither an innovative nor a particularly grasping man of business. An analysis of his property transactions suggests that in 40 years he spent only £2000 or so on the purchase of land, at a time when his annual income from estates granted to him by the crown exceeded £5000. Most of his money went in supporting the king, financing his own vastly expensive bid for the throne of Germany after 1257, and in conspicuous consumption within his own household, hinted at by the luxuries with which he was supplied by his sister Eleanor while in captivity at Kenilworth in 1264–5, including dates, ginger, almonds, raisins, and 12 measures of scarlet cloth for his robes at Whitsun. His interventions in the Cornish property market may have fuelled opposition to his lordship within the county, ensuring that the men of Cornwall lent him only lukewarm support during the period of baronial rebellion. His chief residences lay in the Thames valley, and he only infrequently ventured into his Cornish estates, despite rebuilding Tintagel Castle, almost certainly because of its supposed association with the semi-mythical King Arthur.

Richard founded several religious houses, most notably the Cistercian abbey of Hailes in Gloucestershire, established as a daughter house of King John's foundation at Beaulieu, the Augustinian nunnery at Burnham in Buckinghamshire, and a Trinitarian friary at Knaresborough, home to the shrine of the hermit St Robert. He also allowed the Franciscans of Chichester to transfer their community to the site of the former castle, and bestowed less significant patronage upon the English monasteries and upon the order of Cîteaux, which in 1240 received a pension from Richard's mills at Boroughbridge and the church of Stanley in Yorkshire, intended to finance the meetings of the Cistercian general chapter. As a patron of the religious, Richard's piety was conventional rather than fanatical, and in the same way, despite his great wealth, he made little impression as a patron of the arts or of learning. In Germany, although never a great king, through skilful negotiation and the renewal of privileges granted by his predecessors to the towns and monasteries of the Low Countries and the Rhineland he obtained widespread recognition for his authority during his own lifetime. Only in retrospect, and as a result of the imperial election dispute that followed his death, between Ottokar of Bohemia and Rudolf von Habsburg, was the memory of Richard's reign transformed into one of bloodshed, royal weakness, and princely anarchy.

The essential features of Richard's career lay in his skills as negotiator and in his loyalty to his elder brother, Henry III. It was this loyalty from which he derived his landed estates and his wealth. Had he turned traitor, he might have supplanted his less able brother on the throne of England. As it was, he preferred a supporting role at home, and exhausted his own, personal ambitions in the pursuit of kingship in Germany. His failed bid for the imperial title established no permanent relations between Germany and the crown of England. None the less, Richard remains the only Englishman ever to have laid claim to the Holy Roman empire.

Nicholas Vincent
Sources

Chancery rolls · Paris, Chron. · Ann. mon. · J. Stevenson, ed., Chronica de Mailros (1835) · N. Denholm-Young, Richard of Cornwall (1947) · J. F. Böhmer, Regesta imperii, 1198–1273, ed. J. Ficker and E. Winkelmann (Innsbruck, 1881–94) · E. Winkelmann, ed., Acta imperii inedita seculi xiii, 2 vols. (Innsbruck, 1880–85) · B. Weiler, ‘Image and reality in Richard of Cornwall's German career’, EngHR, 113 (1998), 1111–42 · G. C. Gebauer, Leben und denkwürdige Thaten Herrn Richards, erwählten römischen Kaysers, Grafens v. Cornwall und Poitou (Leipzig, 1744) · N. Vincent, Peter des Roches: an alien in English politics, 1205–38, Cambridge Studies in Medieval Life and Thought, 4th ser., 31 (1996) · J. R. Maddicott, Simon de Montfort (1994) · R. C. Stacey, Politics, policy and finance under Henry III, 1216–1245 (1987) · PRO, MS E36/57 [earldom of Cornwall cartulary] · Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, MS Doat 80, fols. 307r–308r · BL, Cotton MS Julius D.v, fol. 27r · Archives départementales Côte-d'Or, Dijon, MS 11H22 · LPL, MS 1212 [Canterbury cartulary], fols. 76r–76v · T. Wright, The political songs of England, ed. P. Cross (1996) · The chronicle of Walter of Guisborough, ed. H. Rothwell, CS, 3rd ser., 89 (1957) · J. Thorpe, ed., Registrum Roffense, or, A collection of antient records, charters and instruments … illustrating the ecclesiastical history and antiquities of the diocese and cathedral church of Rochester (1769), 82–4 · A. Magen and G. Tholin, eds., Archives municipales d'Agen: chartes première série (Villeneuve-sur-Lot, 1876) · M. W. Beresford and H. P. R. Finberg, English medieval boroughs: a handlist (1973) · F. Liebermann, ‘Zur Geschichte Friedrichs II und Richards von Cornwall’, Neues Archiv, 13 (1888) · H. Marc-Bonnet, ‘Richard de Cornouailles et la couronne de Sicile’, Mélanges d'histoire du Moyen Âge: dédiés á la mémoire de Louis Halphen, ed. [C.-E. Perrin] (Paris, 1951) · A. Busson, Die Doppelwahl des Jahres 1257 und das römische Königthum Alfons X von Castilien (Münster, 1866) · S. Raban, ‘The land market and the aristocracy in the thirteenth century’, Tradition and change: essays in honour of Marjorie Chibnall, ed. D. Greenway, C. Holdsworth, and J. Sayers (1985) · K. Hampe, ‘Ungedruckte Briefe zur Geschichte König Richards von Cornwall’, Neues Archiv, 30 (1905) · J. F. Bappert, Richard von Cornwall seit seiner Wahl zum deutschen König, 1257–1272 (Bonn, 1905) · F. Trautz, ‘Richard von Cornwall’, Jahrbuch des Vereins für Geschichte von Stadts und Kreis Kaiserlautern, 7 (1967) · H. Koch, Richard von Kornwall. Erster Theil, 1209–1257 (Strassburg, 1888) · G. Lemcke, Beiträge zur Geschichte König Richards von Cornwall (Berlin, 1909) · H.-E. Hilpert, ‘Richard of Cornwall's candidature for the German throne and the Christmas 1256 parliament at Westminster’, Journal of Medieval History, 6 (1980), 185–98 · F. R. Lewis, ‘Beatrice of Falkenburg the third wife of Richard of Cornwall’, EngHR, 52 (1937) · F. R. Lewis, ‘The election of Richard of Cornwall as senator of Rome in 1261’, EngHR, 52 (1937) · F. R. Lewis, ‘Ottakar II of Bohemia and the double election of 1257’, Speculum, 12 (1937) · H. Schiffers, Die deutsche Königskrönung und die Insignien des Richard von Cornwallis, Veröffentlichungen des Bischöflichen Diözesanarchivs Aachen, 2 (Aachen, 1936) · M. Page, ‘Royal and comital government and the local community in thirteenth-century Cornwall’, DPhil diss., U. Oxf., 1995 · M. Page, ‘Cornwall, Earl Richard and the barons' war’, EngHR, 115 (2000), 21–38
Archives

Archives départementales Côte-d'Or, Dijon, MS 11H22 · Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, MS Doat 80, fols. 307r–308r · BL, Cotton MS Julius D.v, fol. 27r · PRO, MS E36/57

Likenesses

seal, Landeshauptarchiv, Koblenz, Bestand 133, Nr. 18 [see illus.]
© Oxford University Press 2004–5
All rights reserved: see legal notice Oxford University Press

Nicholas Vincent, ‘Richard, first earl of Cornwall and king of Germany (1209-1272)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/23501, accessed 24 Sept 2005]

Richard (1209-1272): doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/23501⁸

Arms*

Arg. A lion rampant crowned and double queued gu. A bordure sa. bezanty (M. Paris I).⁷

Arms

Argent, a lion rampant gules crowned or within a bordure sable bezanty. As King of the Romans: The same-the shield suspended from the beak of a single-headed eagle⁴

Event-Misc

1225

William went with the Earl of Cornwall on a successful expedition to Gascony, Principal=Sir William Longespée⁹

Event-Misc

1225

Granted the honour of Launceston, Cornwall⁴

Knighted*

2 February 1224/25

by his brother, Henry III, Witness=Henry III Plantagenet King of England⁴

Title*

before 18 August 1225

Comte de Poitou²

Address*

30 May 1227

Earl of Cornwall²

(Witness) Event-Misc

July 1227

He supported Richard, Earl of Cornwall in a dispute with Henry III over the forest laws and misgovernment by Hubert de Burgh, Principal=Sir Gilbert de Clare¹⁰

Event-Misc

1229

Granted the honour of Berkhampstead, Hertfordshire⁴

Event-Misc*

between 1232 and 1233

Richard Earl of Cornwall fought against Llywelyn ap Iorwerth, Principal=Llewelyn ap Iorwerth "the Great"⁴

Event-Misc

March 1233

Richard drove Llywelyn back and strongly fortified Radnor Castle., Principal=Llewelyn ap Iorwerth "the Great"⁴

Event-Misc*

1237

He was sent on a embassy to Emperor Frederick⁴

Event-Misc*

1237

Richard openly rebuked his brother Henry III, the King, for his greed and maladministration., Principal=Henry III Plantagenet King of England⁴

Event-Misc

1240

He negotiated a treaty with the Sultan of Krak, gaining release of many French hostages⁴

Event-Misc*

1240

They went on crusade to the Holy Land, Principal=Eudes FitzRoy³

Event-Misc*

between June 1240 and 1242

William went on Crusade to Palestine with the Earl of Cornwall, Principal=Sir William de Longespée¹¹

Event-Misc

1243

He renounced all his rights in Ireland and Gascony, and abandoned the title, Count of Poitou.⁴

Event-Misc

1244

He was granted the honour of Bradninch, Devon⁴

Event-Misc

1250

He was Plenipotentiary to France and Ambassador to Pope Innocent IV⁴

Event-Misc*

1257

He accompanied Richard, Earl of Cornwall to Germany for his coronation as King of the Romans, Principal=Roger de Meulun alias Longespée⁹

Event-Misc

13 January 1256/57

He was elected King of the Romans^2,4

Event-Misc*

April 1257

He went to Aachen with Richard, Earl of Cornwall for Richard's coronation as King of the Romans, Principal=Sir Hugh le Despenser¹²

Event-Misc

17 May 1257

Aachen, Germany, King of the Romans (King of Almain). He failed to establish his authority in Germany, and was deposed and returned to England in Jan 1259⁴

(Witness) Knighted

18 May 1257

Aachen, Germany, by his father, Principal=Sir Henry of Cornwall⁴

Event-Misc

1264

He secured a temporary truce between his brother and the rebellious barons.⁴

(Henry) Battle-Lewes

14 May 1264

The Battle of Lewes, Lewes, Sussex, England, when King Henry and Prince Edward were captured by Simon of Montfort, Earl of Leicester. Simon ruled England in Henry's name until his defeat at Evesham, Principal=Henry III Plantagenet King of England, Principal=Simon VI de Montfort^{13,14,15,16,17,18}

Family 1

Isabel Marshal b. 9 Oct 1200, d. 17 Jan 1239/40

Children

John of Cornwall⁴ b. 31 Jan 1231/32, d. 22 Sep 1232
Isabel of Cornwall⁴ b. c 9 Sep 1233, d. 6 Oct 1234
Sir Henry of Cornwall⁴ b. 2 Nov 1235, d. 13 Mar 1270/71
Nicholas of Cornwall⁴ b. Jan 1240, d. Jan 1240

Family 2

Sanchia Berenger b. c 1225, d. 9 Nov 1261

Children

(?) Cornwall⁴ b. Jul 1246, d. 15 Aug 1246
Sir Edmund of Cornwall⁴ b. c 1 Jan 1250, d. b 25 Sep 1300

Family 3

Children

Philip of Cornwall⁴
Walter of Cornwall⁴ d. 20 Feb 1313
Sir Richard of Cornwall+⁴ b. s 1255, d. 1297

Last Edited

24 Sep 2005

Citations

[S218] Marlyn Lewis, Ancestry of Elizabeth of York.
[S234] David Faris, Plantagenet Ancestry, Plantagenet 16.
[S284] Douglas Richardson, Plantagenet Ancestry, Plantagenet 3.
[S284] Douglas Richardson, Plantagenet Ancestry, Cornwall 4.
[S325] Rev. C. Moor, Knights of Edward I, v.1, p. 238.
[S342] Sir Bernard Burke, Extinct Peerages, p. 15.
[S325] Rev. C. Moor, Knights of Edward I, p. 231.
[S376] Unknown editor, unknown short title.
[S284] Douglas Richardson, Plantagenet Ancestry, Longespée 3.
[S347] Carl Boyer 3rd, Medieval English Ancestors of Certain Americans, p. 55.
[S284] Douglas Richardson, Plantagenet Ancestry, Longespée 4.
[S347] Carl Boyer 3rd, Medieval English Ancestors of Certain Americans, p. 67.
[S284] Douglas Richardson, Plantagenet Ancestry, Plantagenet 4.
[S325] Rev. C. Moor, Knights of Edward I, v. 5, p. 10.
[S284] Douglas Richardson, Plantagenet Ancestry, Fitz Alan 7.
[S342] Sir Bernard Burke, Extinct Peerages, p. 21.
[S301] Carl Boyer 3rd, Medieval English Ancestors of Robert Abell, p. 218.
[S347] Carl Boyer 3rd, Medieval English Ancestors of Certain Americans, p. 34.

Isabel of England¹

F, #4611, b. 1214, d. 1 December 1241

Father*

John Lackland^2,1 b. 27 Dec 1166, d. 19 Oct 1216

Mother*

Isabella of Angoulême^2,1,3 b. 1188, d. 31 May 1246

Birth*

1214

Gloucester, Gloucestershire, England^2,1,3

Marriage*

20 July 1235

Worms, Germany, 4th=Kaiser Frederick II (?)^2,1,3

Death*

1 December 1241

Foggia, Apulia, Italy, (in childbirth)^2,1,4

Name Variation

Isabella²

Family

Kaiser Frederick II (?) b. 26 Dec 1194, d. 13 Dec 1250

Child

Margaret of Swabia² b. 1 Dec 1241, d. 8 Aug 1270

Last Edited

6 Sep 2004

Citations

[S234] David Faris, Plantagenet Ancestry, Plantagenet 16.
[S218] Marlyn Lewis, Ancestry of Elizabeth of York.
[S285] Leo van de Pas, 30 Jun 2004.
[S284] Douglas Richardson, Plantagenet Ancestry, Plantagenet 3.

Sanchia Berenger¹

F, #4612, b. circa 1225, d. 9 November 1261

Father*

Raymond V Berenger^1,2 b. 1198, d. 19 Aug 1245

Mother*

Beatrice of Savoy^1,2 b. 1198, d. Dec 1266

Birth*

circa 1225

Aix-en-Provence, France^1,3,2

Marriage*

23 November 1243

Westminster Abbey, Westminster, Middlesex, England, 2nd=Richard of England^1,3,2

Death*

9 November 1261

Berkhamstead, Hertfordshire, England^1,3,2

Name Variation

Sanchia of Provence³

Name Variation

Sanche of Provence²

Family

Richard of England b. 5 Jan 1209, d. 2 Apr 1272

Children

(?) Cornwall² b. Jul 1246, d. 15 Aug 1246
Sir Edmund of Cornwall² b. c 1 Jan 1250, d. b 25 Sep 1300

Last Edited

26 Sep 2004

Citations

[S218] Marlyn Lewis, Ancestry of Elizabeth of York.
[S284] Douglas Richardson, Plantagenet Ancestry, Cornwall 4.
[S234] David Faris, Plantagenet Ancestry, Plantagenet 16.

Sir Thomas of Lancaster¹

M, #4613, b. 1278, d. 22 March 1322

Father*

Sir Edmund "Crouchback" Plantagenet¹ b. 16 Jan 1244/45, d. 5 Jun 1296

Mother*

Blanche d' Artois¹ b. c 1248, d. 2 May 1302

Birth*

1278

Burial*

St. John's Priory, Pontefract, Yorkshire, England¹

Death*

22 March 1322

Pontefract, Yorkshire, England, beheaded¹

Name Variation

Thomas Earl of Lancaster²

Event-Misc*

19 September 1310

He is a knight serving for E. of Lancaster, Principal=Sir Roger de Swynnerton³

Battle-Boroughbridge

16 March 1321/22

Principal=Edward II Plantagenet, Rebel=Sir Humphrey VIII de Bohun, Rebel=Sir Bartholomew de Badlesmere, Rebel=Sir John Gifford, Rebel=Sir Hugh de Audley, Rebel=Sir Gilbert Talbot, Rebel=Sir Bartholomew de Burghersh, Kingsman=Sir John Clinton^4,5,6

Last Edited

21 Oct 2004

Citations

[S218] Marlyn Lewis, Ancestry of Elizabeth of York.
[S325] Rev. C. Moor, Knights of Edward I, v. 4, p. 295.
[S325] Rev. C. Moor, Knights of Edward I, v. 4, p. 325.
[S325] Rev. C. Moor, Knights of Edward I, v. 2, p. 114.
[S325] Rev. C. Moor, Knights of Edward I, v. 5, p. 3.
[S301] Carl Boyer 3rd, Medieval English Ancestors of Robert Abell, p. 31.

John (?)¹

M, #4614, b. before May 1286, d. before 1327

Father*

Sir Edmund "Crouchback" Plantagenet¹ b. 16 Jan 1244/45, d. 5 Jun 1296

Mother*

Blanche d' Artois¹ b. c 1248, d. 2 May 1302

Birth*

before May 1286

Death*

before 1327

France¹

Last Edited

14 Oct 2003

Citations

[S218] Marlyn Lewis, Ancestry of Elizabeth of York.

Thomas Wake¹

M, #4615, b. circa 20 March 1298, d. 31 May 1349

Father*

Sir John Wake¹ b. Late 1268, d. Shortly before 10 Apr 1300

Mother*

Joan de Fiennes²

Mother

Joan FitzJohn¹ b. c 1273, d. Shortly before 26 Oct 1309

Thomas Wake|b. c 20 Mar 1298\nd. 31 May 1349|p154.htm#i4615|Sir John Wake|b. Late 1268\nd. Shortly before 10 Apr 1300|p109.htm#i3241|Joan de Fiennes||p480.htm#i14391|Sir Baldwin Wake|b. 1238\nd. b 10 Feb 1281/82|p111.htm#i3306|Hawise de Quincy|b. c 1250\nd. b 27 Mar 1285|p111.htm#i3307|Sir William de Fiennes|b. c 1245\nd. 11 Jul 1302|p233.htm#i6969|Blanche d. Brienne|b. c 1252\nd. 1302|p233.htm#i6970|

Birth*

circa 20 March 1298

of Lydell¹

Marriage*

before 9 October 1316

Principal=Blanche Plantagenet¹

Death*

31 May 1349

Burial*

Haltemprice Priory, Yorkshire, England¹

Last Edited

20 Nov 2004

Citations

[S218] Marlyn Lewis, Ancestry of Elizabeth of York.
[S284] Douglas Richardson, Plantagenet Ancestry, Wales 7.

Henry Plantagenet¹

M, #4616, b. circa 1299, d. 24 MAR 1361 (PLAGUE)

Father*

Henry Plantagenet¹ b. c 1281, d. 22 Sep 1345

Mother*

Maud de Chaworth¹ b. 2 Feb 1282, d. bt 19 Feb 1317 - 3 Dec 1322

Birth*

circa 1299

Grosmont Castle, Monmouthshire, England¹

Marriage*

circa 1334

Death*

24 MAR 1361 (PLAGUE)

Leicester, Leicestershire, England¹

Burial*

Newark, England¹

Family

Child

Blanche Plantagenet+¹ b. 25 Mar 1345, d. 12 Sep 1369

Last Edited

14 Oct 2003

Citations

[S218] Marlyn Lewis, Ancestry of Elizabeth of York.

Blanche Plantagenet¹

F, #4617, b. circa 1305, d. 10 July 1380

Father*

Henry Plantagenet¹ b. c 1281, d. 22 Sep 1345

Mother*

Maud de Chaworth¹ b. 2 Feb 1282, d. bt 19 Feb 1317 - 3 Dec 1322

Birth*

circa 1305

Marriage*

before 9 October 1316

Principal=Thomas Wake¹

Death*

10 July 1380

Burial*

Church of the Friars Minor at Stamford, England¹

Last Edited

15 Nov 2004

Citations

[S218] Marlyn Lewis, Ancestry of Elizabeth of York.

Maud Plantagenet BURGH UFFORD/¹

F, #4618, b. 1298, d. 5 May 1377

Father*

Henry Plantagenet¹ b. c 1281, d. 22 Sep 1345

Mother*

Maud de Chaworth¹ b. 2 Feb 1282, d. bt 19 Feb 1317 - 3 Dec 1322

Birth*

1298

Lancaster, Lancastershire, England¹

Marriage*

PAPAL DISP. 1 MAY 1327

Principal=William de Burgh¹

Death*

5 May 1377

Burial*

Campsey Priory, Suffolk, England¹

Family

William de Burgh b. 17 Sep 1312, d. 6 JUN 1333 (MURDERED)

Child

Elizabeth de Burgh+¹ b. 6 Jul 1332, d. 10 Dec 1363

Last Edited

14 Oct 2003

Citations

[S218] Marlyn Lewis, Ancestry of Elizabeth of York.

Joan Plantagenet MOWBRAY/¹

F, #4619, b. circa 1312, d. 7 July 1349

Father*

Henry Plantagenet¹ b. c 1281, d. 22 Sep 1345

Mother*

Maud de Chaworth¹ b. 2 Feb 1282, d. bt 19 Feb 1317 - 3 Dec 1322

Birth*

circa 1312

Death*

7 July 1349

Burial*

Byland, Yorkshire, England¹

Last Edited

14 Oct 2003

Citations

[S218] Marlyn Lewis, Ancestry of Elizabeth of York.

Isabel Plantagenet¹

F, #4620

Father*

Henry Plantagenet¹ b. c 1281, d. 22 Sep 1345

Mother*

Maud de Chaworth¹ b. 2 Feb 1282, d. bt 19 Feb 1317 - 3 Dec 1322

Isabel Plantagenet||p154.htm#i4620|Henry Plantagenet|b. c 1281\nd. 22 Sep 1345|p108.htm#i3235|Maud de Chaworth|b. 2 Feb 1282\nd. bt 19 Feb 1317 - 3 Dec 1322|p108.htm#i3236|Sir Edmund "Crouchback" Plantagenet|b. 16 Jan 1244/45\nd. 5 Jun 1296|p109.htm#i3243|Blanche d' Artois|b. c 1248\nd. 2 May 1302|p109.htm#i3244|Sir Patrick Chaworth, Lord Kedwelly|b. 1254\nd. b 7 Jul 1283|p109.htm#i3245|Isabel de Beauchamp|b. c 1268\nd. b 30 May 1306|p90.htm#i2676|

Last Edited

14 Oct 2003

Citations

[S218] Marlyn Lewis, Ancestry of Elizabeth of York.

Person Page - 154

Matilda (?)1

Citations

Constance (?)1

Citations

Agatha (?)1

Citations

William III Clito (?)1

Citations

Giovanna of Montferrat (?)1

Citations

Richard (?)1

Citations

Geoffrey VI (?)1

Citations

William FitzEmpress1

Citations

Emma (?)1

Citations

Dafydd ab Owain1

Citations

Baudouin (?)1

Citations

Maud of England1

Citations

Constance (?)1

Family

Citations

William of England1

Citations

Henry of England1

Citations

Maud of England1

Citations

Joan of England1

Family

Citations

Berenguela of Navarre1

Citations

Isabel of Gloucester (?)1

Citations

Richard of England1

Family 1

Family 2

Family 3

Citations

Isabel of England1

Family

Citations

Sanchia Berenger1

Family

Citations

Sir Thomas of Lancaster1

Citations

John (?)1

Citations

Thomas Wake1

Citations

Henry Plantagenet1

Family

Citations

Blanche Plantagenet1

Citations

Maud Plantagenet BURGH UFFORD/1

Family

Citations

Joan Plantagenet MOWBRAY/1

Citations

Isabel Plantagenet1

Citations

Matilda (?)¹

Constance (?)¹

Agatha (?)¹

William III Clito (?)¹

Giovanna of Montferrat (?)¹

Richard (?)¹

Geoffrey VI (?)¹

William FitzEmpress¹

Emma (?)¹

Dafydd ab Owain¹

Baudouin (?)¹

Maud of England¹

Constance (?)¹

William of England¹

Henry of England¹

Maud of England¹

Joan of England¹

Berenguela of Navarre¹

Isabel of Gloucester (?)¹

Richard of England¹

Isabel of England¹

Sanchia Berenger¹

Sir Thomas of Lancaster¹

John (?)¹

Thomas Wake¹

Henry Plantagenet¹

Blanche Plantagenet¹

Maud Plantagenet BURGH UFFORD/¹

Joan Plantagenet MOWBRAY/¹

Isabel Plantagenet¹