Hildegarde (?)1
F, #2911, d. 1 April 1040
| Marriage* | after 1000 | Principal=Count Fulk III of Anjou "the Black"1,2 |
| Death* | 1 April 1040 | Jerusalem, Palestine1 |
| Death | 1 April 1046 | Jerusalem2 |
| Name Variation | Hildegarde of Lorraine2 |
Family | Count Fulk III of Anjou "the Black" b. c 970, d. 21 Jun 1040 | |
| Children |
| |
| Last Edited | 24 Oct 2003 |
Count Geoffrey I of Anjou "Grisgonelle"1
M, #2912, b. circa 940, d. 21 July 987
| Father* | Count Fulk II of Anjou "the Good"1,3 b. c 920, d. 11 Nov 958 | |
| Mother* | Gerberga of the Gatinais2,3 d. 952 | |
Count Geoffrey I of Anjou "Grisgonelle"|b. c 940\nd. 21 Jul 987|p98.htm#i2912|Count Fulk II of Anjou "the Good"|b. c 920\nd. 11 Nov 958|p98.htm#i2913|Gerberga of the Gatinais|d. 952|p60.htm#i1778|Fulk I. t. R. (?)|b. 888\nd. bt 941 - 942|p165.htm#i4944|Roscille d. L. (?)||p165.htm#i4945|Herve (?)||p320.htm#i9579|||| | ||
| Birth* | circa 940 | of Anjou, France3 |
| Marriage* | between 2 March 965 and 9 March 965 | Principal=Adelaide de Vermandois3 |
| Death* | 21 July 987 | slain in battle1,3 |
Family | Adelaide de Vermandois b. 950, d. 12 Mar 974 | |
| Children |
| |
| Last Edited | 24 Oct 2003 |
Count Fulk II of Anjou "the Good"1
M, #2913, b. circa 920, d. 11 November 958
| Father* | Fulk I the Red (?)2 b. 888, d. bt 941 - 942 | |
| Mother* | Roscille de Lochar (?)2 | |
Count Fulk II of Anjou "the Good"|b. c 920\nd. 11 Nov 958|p98.htm#i2913|Fulk I the Red (?)|b. 888\nd. bt 941 - 942|p165.htm#i4944|Roscille de Lochar (?)||p165.htm#i4945|Ingelger (?)|d. 888|p165.htm#i4946|Aelinde d. Gatinais|b. c 848|p165.htm#i4947|Werner (Garnier) (?)||p165.htm#i4948|Torcinda (?)||p165.htm#i4949| | ||
| Marriage* | Principal=Gerberga of the Gatinais1,2 | |
| Birth* | circa 920 | 2 |
| Death* | 11 November 958 | 2 |
| Burial* | St. Martin's2 |
Family | Gerberga of the Gatinais d. 952 | |
| Children |
| |
| Last Edited | 24 Oct 2003 |
Ingibiorg Finnsdotter1
F, #2914, d. before 1070
| Father* | Finn Arnesson (?)2 d. 1062 | |
| Mother* | Thorbiorg (Hergliot) (?)2 | |
Ingibiorg Finnsdotter|d. b 1070|p98.htm#i2914|Finn Arnesson (?)|d. 1062|p114.htm#i3412|Thorbiorg (Hergliot) (?)||p114.htm#i3413|Arne (?)|d. 1051|p156.htm#i4652||||Halfdan (?)||p156.htm#i4654|||| | ||
| Marriage* | Principal=Thorfinn II (?)2 | |
| Marriage* | 1059 | 1st=Malcolm III Canmore1,2,3 |
| Death* | before 1070 | 2 |
| Name Variation | Ingebiorg of Halland (?)2 |
Family 1 | Malcolm III Canmore b. 1031, d. 13 Nov 1093 | |
| Children |
| |
Family 2 | Thorfinn II (?) b. 1009, d. c 1056 | |
| Child |
| |
| Last Edited | 24 Aug 2005 |
Duncan I MacCrinan1
M, #2915, b. circa 1001, d. 14 August 1040
| Father* | Crinan (?) "the Thane"2,3 b. 978, d. 1045 | |
| Mother* | Bethoc MacMalcolm2,3 b. c 984 | |
Duncan I MacCrinan|b. c 1001\nd. 14 Aug 1040|p98.htm#i2915|Crinan (?) "the Thane"|b. 978\nd. 1045|p98.htm#i2918|Bethoc MacMalcolm|b. c 984|p98.htm#i2919|Duncan (?)|d. a 990|p114.htm#i3396||||Malcolm I. MacKenneth|b. 954\nd. 25 Nov 1034|p98.htm#i2920|||| | ||
| Birth* | circa 1001 | Scotland3 |
| Marriage* | circa 1030 | Principal=Sibel (?)3,4 |
| Death* | 14 August 1040 | Bothnagowan, Elgin, Moray, Scotland, ||He was murdered by MacBeth1,3,4 |
| DNB* | Duncan I [Donnchad ua Maíl Choluim] (d. 1040), king of Scots, was the son of Crinán, abbot of Dunkeld (d. 1045), and Bethóc, daughter of Malcolm II (d. 1034). The belief that he had a brother, Maldred, who married a daughter of Earl Uhtred of Northumbria (d. 1016), is erroneous. Duncan married an unnamed cousin of Siward, earl of Northumbria, and had three sons: Malcolm III (Malcolm Canmore) (d. 1093), king of Scots from 1058 to 1093; Donald III (Donalbane) (b. in or before 1040, d. 1099?), king of Scots in 1093–4 and 1094–7; and Mael Muire, ancestor of the earls of Atholl. It is often argued that Duncan I was favoured by Malcolm II, as his heir to the Scottish throne. The exiguous evidence can be interpreted differently, but a sign of Malcolm's support for Duncan may have been Duncan's installation as king of Strathclyde (‘king of the Cumbrians’) some time after King Owain's death, perhaps in 1018. Probably this did not occur until nearer the end of Malcolm's reign, for it is unlikely that Duncan reached adulthood much before c.1030: a (probably) contemporary source describes him as being ‘at an immature age’ (Anderson, Early Sources, 1.581) when he was killed in 1040. It may be noted, moreover, that Duncan does not appear among the northern kings who submitted to Cnut in 1031–2. It is not impossible, indeed, that Duncan actually made himself ‘king of Strathclyde’ following his successful claim to the Scottish kingship on Malcolm II's death in 1034. The fact that Duncan was ever king of Strathclyde rests chiefly on the description of his son, Malcolm, as ‘son of the king of the Cumbrians’ (Anderson, Scottish Annals, 85 n. 4) by a northern English source reporting Malcolm's Northumbrian-backed invasion of Scotland in 1054. He is the last known ‘king of the Cumbrians’ (though his grandson, David I, was ‘prince of the Cumbrians’ (Lawrie, no. 50) for a decade or more before 1124). Malcolm II died on 25 November 1034, the last member of the male lineage descended from Kenneth I to hold the kingship. He was not, however, the last male member of the dynasty: the Clann Duib, descendants of King Dubh (d. 966) continued unbroken in the male line until the mid-fourteenth century. Perhaps no adult male descendant of Kenneth I was active in 1034. Perhaps Duncan was simply an out-and-out opportunist. Certainly the succession of someone whose claim had descended primarily through his mother is highly unusual in this period. Be this as it may, within days of Malcolm's death, Duncan I was formally inaugurated as king on 30 November. Duncan's first recorded venture out of his kingdoms was provoked by the devastation of Strathclyde by Earl Eadulf of Northumbria in 1038—possibly extending his control over Cumberland and other areas. Duncan I's response was to launch an invasion of northern England the following year. He laid siege to Durham, but suffered a comprehensive defeat at the hands of the besieged. As a result Strathclyde may have been left open to Northumbrian penetration, as well as to invasion from the Gall Gaedhil, suffering a mortal blow to its integrity. Duncan, however, was also preoccupied with problems in the north, which saw him campaigning in 1040 against the ruler of Moray, Macbeth (d. 1057), who had married the daughter of Boite mac Cinaeda (probably brother of Malcolm II). Duncan's efforts ended in failure and death: he was killed by Macbeth in battle at Both Gobhanán (probably Pitgaveny, near Elgin, in Moray) on 14 August 1040. He was perhaps only in his mid-twenties; certainly not the old man depicted in Shakespeare's Macbeth. A late and debatable source claims that he was buried on Iona. Dauvit Broun Sources A. O. Anderson, ed. and trans., Early sources of Scottish history, AD 500 to 1286, 1 (1922), 571–82 · A. O. Anderson, ed., Scottish annals from English chroniclers, AD 500 to 1286 (1908), 83–5 · A. A. M. Duncan, Scotland: the making of the kingdom (1975), vol. 1 of The Edinburgh history of Scotland, ed. G. Donaldson (1965–75), 99 · G. W. S. Barrow, ‘Some problems in 12th and 13th century Scottish history: a genealogical approach’, Scottish Genealogist, 25 (1978), 97–112 · M. O. Anderson, Kings and kingship in early Scotland, rev. edn (1980), 265–89 · A. C. Lawrie, ed., Early Scottish charters prior to AD 1153 (1905), no. 50 © Oxford University Press 2004–5 All rights reserved: see legal notice Oxford University Press Dauvit Broun, ‘Duncan I (d. 1040)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/8209, accessed 24 Sept 2005] Duncan I (d. 1040): doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/82095 |
Family | Sibel (?) b. c 1009 | |
| Children |
| |
| Last Edited | 24 Sep 2005 |
Crinan (?) "the Thane"1
M, #2918, b. 978, d. 1045
| Father* | Duncan (?)2 d. a 990 | |
Crinan (?) "the Thane"|b. 978\nd. 1045|p98.htm#i2918|Duncan (?)|d. a 990|p114.htm#i3396||||Duncan (?)|d. c 965|p114.htm#i3397|||||||||| | ||
| Birth* | 978 | Scotland1,2 |
| Marriage* | 1000 | Principal=Bethoc MacMalcolm1 |
| Death* | 1045 | Dunkeld, Scotland1,2 |
| Name Variation | Albanach (?)1 | |
| Name Variation | Grimus (?)1 | |
| Occupation* | lay abbot of Dunkeld1 | |
| Title* | Governor of the Scots Islands1 |
Family | Bethoc MacMalcolm b. c 984 | |
| Children |
| |
| Last Edited | 11 Jul 2005 |
Bethoc MacMalcolm1
F, #2919, b. circa 984
| Father* | Malcolm II MacKenneth2,3 b. 954, d. 25 Nov 1034 | |
Bethoc MacMalcolm|b. c 984|p98.htm#i2919|Malcolm II MacKenneth|b. 954\nd. 25 Nov 1034|p98.htm#i2920||||Kenneth MacMalcolm|d. 995|p98.htm#i2921|(?) of Leinster||p114.htm#i3398||||||| | ||
| Birth* | circa 984 | Angus, Scotland3 |
| Marriage* | 1000 | Principal=Crinan (?) "the Thane"1 |
Family | Crinan (?) "the Thane" b. 978, d. 1045 | |
| Children |
| |
| Last Edited | 24 Oct 2003 |
Malcolm II MacKenneth1
M, #2920, b. 954, d. 25 November 1034
| Father* | Kenneth MacMalcolm1,2 d. 995 | |
| Mother* | (?) of Leinster2 | |
Malcolm II MacKenneth|b. 954\nd. 25 Nov 1034|p98.htm#i2920|Kenneth MacMalcolm|d. 995|p98.htm#i2921|(?) of Leinster||p114.htm#i3398|Malcolm MacDomnall|b. c 897\nd. 954|p98.htm#i2922|||||||||| | ||
| Birth* | 954 | 2 |
| Death* | 25 November 1034 | Glamis, Scotland, (murdered)1,2 |
| DNB* | Malcolm II [Mael Coluim mac Cinaeda] (d. 1034), king of Scots, was the son of Kenneth II (d. 995); his mother was possibly a daughter of a Uí Dúnlainge king of Leinster. Having challenged his cousin Kenneth III for the kingship, and killed him at the battle of Monzievaird in Strathearn (now Perthshire) in 1005, he reigned for nearly thirty years and at his death he was described by a contemporary annalist as ‘the honour of all the west of Europe’ (Anderson, Early Sources, 1.572). A fourteenth-century law tract bears the title Leges Malcolmi MacKenneth, but has no genuine connection with Malcolm II. Malcolm was known to medieval chroniclers as ‘the most victorious’ (Anderson, Early Sources, 1.573). His martial record was, however, patchy. He won a famous and decisive victory over Uhtred, earl of Northumbria, at Carham on the Tweed in 1018. As a result Earl Uhtred's brother, and successor as earl, formally recognized Malcolm's possession of all of Northumbria as far as the Tweed, which remained part of the Scottish kingdom's territories thereafter. At the beginning of his reign, however, Malcolm had invaded Northumbria and laid siege unsuccessfully to Durham in 1006. He was repulsed and suffered a crushing defeat at the hands of Earl Uhtred. There are unsubstantiated late accounts of Malcolm defeating Danes in battle, which associate his creation of a bishop's see at Mortlach in what later became Banffshire—from where it was moved by David I to Aberdeen—with one of these victories. An Anglo-Danish invasion which did not culminate in a famous victory for Malcolm was that of Cnut in 1031–2, after which Malcolm II was obliged to submit to Cnut, along with Macbeth, king of Moray, and another unidentified king (possibly of the Isles). By this time Malcolm may have become master of the kingdom of Strathclyde. The last recorded king of the Strathclyde royal dynasty was Owen the Bald, who fought with Malcolm at the battle of Carham and died soon afterwards in 1018. The history of Strathclyde is uncertain thereafter. It has been suggested that Duncan I was appointed king by his grandfather Malcolm II on Owen's death. This is unlikely, however, because Duncan (who does not appear in the submission to Cnut in 1031–2) was regarded by contemporaries as a young man at his death in 1040. Perhaps Malcolm seized the kingship of Strathclyde for himself while at the zenith of his power following the battle of Carham. Little is known of Scotland's internal affairs during Malcolm's reign. Although it has been argued that he was responsible for developing a network of thanages throughout his kingdom and even into Moray, these may have been much more ancient in origin, and in any case it is far from certain that Malcolm was in a position to dominate Moray. Findlaech mac Ruaidrí (d. 1020) and Mael Coluim mac Maíl Brígte (d. 1029), successive rulers of Moray, are both described in their obits in a (probably) contemporary source as ‘king of Scotland’, which may suggest that Malcolm's own position in his kingdom was under threat from the north, perhaps after the débâcle of the campaign against Durham in 1006, and again in the 1020s. Malcolm's successful bid for the throne in 1005 may have ushered in a period of dynastic stability. At the end of his reign, however, strife within the royal kindred was certainly renewed, resulting in Malcolm II having the grandson of Boite mac Cinaeda (probably Malcolm's brother) killed in 1033. Malcolm was doubtless already an old man, and he died at Glamis on 25 November the following year. A late source claims that he was assassinated. It is also alleged that his body was taken to Iona for burial. With his death the male lineage of Kenneth I relinquished the kingship it had held continuously since 889 and had fashioned into the kingdom of ‘Scotland’, Alba. It is said, on the strength of the killing of the grandson of Boite, that Malcolm II in his final years was paving the way for the succession of his grandson Duncan I. It is possible, however, that in killing Boite's grandson he was simply beating off a challenge to his own position. It is not known whether Malcolm had any sons, but he may have had as many as three daughters. The only one whose name in known is Bethóc, who married Crínán, abbot of Dunkeld (d. 1045). Their son was Duncan I, who succeeded Malcolm as king. Another daughter of Malcolm married Sigurd (II) Hlödvisson, earl of Orkney (d. 1014), whose son was Thorfinn the Mighty, earl of Orkney. The evidence for Malcolm's third daughter is late and uncertain. She is alleged to have married Findlaech mac Ruaidrí king of Moray, whose son Macbeth (d. 1057) succeeded Duncan I as king of Scots in 1040. Dauvit Broun Sources A. O. Anderson, ed. and trans., Early sources of Scottish history, AD 500 to 1286, 1 (1922), 525–75 · A. A. M. Duncan, Scotland: the making of the kingdom (1975), vol. 1 of The Edinburgh history of Scotland, ed. G. Donaldson (1965–75), 97–100 · M. O. Anderson, Kings and kingship in early Scotland, rev. edn (1980), 265–89 · A. O. Anderson, ed., Scottish annals from English chroniclers, AD 500 to 1286 (1908), 80–83 © Oxford University Press 2004–5 All rights reserved: see legal notice Oxford University Press Dauvit Broun, ‘Malcolm II (d. 1034)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/17858, accessed 24 Sept 2005] Malcolm II (d. 1034): doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/178583 | |
| Name Variation | Mael-Coluim1 | |
| Crowned* | 25 March 1005 | 1 |
| Event-Misc* | 1008 | Carham, They fought a battle, Principal=Uchtred of Northumberland "the Bold"4 |
| Event-Misc* | 1017 | He was victor over the Danes4 |
Family | ||
| Children |
| |
| Last Edited | 24 Sep 2005 |
Kenneth MacMalcolm1
M, #2921, d. 995
| Father* | Malcolm MacDomnall2,3 b. c 897, d. 954 | |
Kenneth MacMalcolm|d. 995|p98.htm#i2921|Malcolm MacDomnall|b. c 897\nd. 954|p98.htm#i2922||||Domnall of the Scots|b. c 862\nd. 900|p98.htm#i2923|||||||||| | ||
| Marriage* | Principal=(?) of Leinster3 | |
| Death* | 995 | Fettercairn, Kincardine, Scotland, ||killed by his own men1,3 |
| DNB* | Kenneth II [Cináed mac Maíl Choluim] (d. 995), king in Scotland, was the son of Malcolm I (d. 954); King Dubh (d. 966) was his older brother. Kenneth, who may have married a daughter of one of the Uí Dúnlainge kings of Leinster, became king after the death of Culen in battle with the Britons of Strathclyde in 971 and reigned for twenty-four years and two months. He immediately plundered Strathclyde, but suffered a serious defeat at ‘Moin Vacornar’. He repeatedly invaded England, on one occasion capturing a ‘son of the king of the Saxons’ (Anderson, Early Sources, 1.512). A contemporary account of the submission of Welsh kings to King Edgar of England at Chester in 973 is elaborated in later versions to include Kenneth as one of the kings who rowed a boat with Edgar at the helm. What is more certain is that c.975 King Edgar formally acknowledged Kenneth's rule over Lothian, which may have been annexed to the Scottish kingdom when Edinburgh fell to King Indulf at some time between 954 and 962. It is possible, however, that Lothian was temporarily lost to the earls of Northumbria in the last year of Kenneth's reign, 994–5. Kenneth killed Olaf (brother of King Culen) in 977, which apparently brought a lull for two decades in the rivalry between the two branches of the royal dynasty—the descendants of Constantine I (d. 876), to which Kenneth belonged, and the descendants of King Aed (d. 878), to which Kenneth's predecessor, Culen, had belonged. Kenneth was a benefactor of the church, and founded the monastery of Brechin, in Angus, perhaps as a Céli Dé community: there were Céli Dé there until the early thirteenth century. It may, however, be conjectured that Brechin was founded for strategic reasons as much as religious motives. It is situated in the north of Strathmore, the broad and fertile valley which runs north-east from the Gowrie (north of Perth) to the Mearns (in modern Kincardineshire), and may have lain in disputed territory. Kenneth apparently had trouble in Strathmore which led eventually to his death. He allegedly killed the only son of Finguala (Finella), the daughter of Conchobar, earl of Angus, at Dunsinane in the Gowrie; and, in revenge, Finguala arranged for Kenneth's assassination in 995 at Fettercairn in the Mearns—not 12 miles from Brechin. He was succeeded by Constantine III [see under Culen]. With his Irish wife, Kenneth had at least one son, Malcolm II, king of Scots from 1005 to 1034. Boite mac Cinaeda was probably another son of Kenneth II (rather than a son of Kenneth III), but possibly born to a different mother. Boite had a grandson who was killed by Malcolm II in 1032, and he also had a daughter, Gruoch, successively the wife of Gille Comgáin, ruler of Moray (d. 1032), and of Macbeth, ruler of Moray and king of Scots (d. 1057). Dauvit Broun Sources A. O. Anderson, ed. and trans., Early sources of Scottish history, AD 500 to 1286, 1 (1922), 478–84, 511–16 · M. O. Anderson, Kings and kingship in early Scotland, rev. edn (1980), 249–53, 265–89 · A. O. Anderson, ed., Scottish annals from English chroniclers, AD 500 to 1286 (1908), 75–9 · A. A. M. Duncan, Scotland: the making of the kingdom (1975), vol. 1 of The Edinburgh history of Scotland, ed. G. Donaldson (1965–75), 95–7 · A. P. Smyth, Warlords and holy men: Scotland, AD 80–1000 (1984), 228, 233 © Oxford University Press 2004–5 All rights reserved: see legal notice Oxford University Press Dauvit Broun, ‘Kenneth II (d. 995)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/15399, accessed 24 Sept 2005] Kenneth II (d. 995): doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/153994 | |
| Name Variation | Cinaed2 | |
| Name Variation | Kenneth II (?)3 | |
| Crowned* | 971 | 2 |
Family | (?) of Leinster | |
| Child |
| |
| Last Edited | 24 Sep 2005 |
Malcolm MacDomnall1
M, #2922, b. circa 897, d. 954
| Father* | Domnall of the Scots2,3 b. c 862, d. 900 | |
Malcolm MacDomnall|b. c 897\nd. 954|p98.htm#i2922|Domnall of the Scots|b. c 862\nd. 900|p98.htm#i2923||||Causantin of the Scots|b. c 836\nd. 877|p98.htm#i2924|||||||||| | ||
| Birth* | circa 897 | 3 |
| Death* | 954 | Fordoun, Kincardine, Scotland, killed by the men of Moray1,3 |
| DNB* | Malcolm I [Mael Coluim mac Domnaill] (d. 954), king in Scotland, was the son of Donald II (d. 900) [see under Constantine II], and assumed the kingship of Scotland some time between 940 and 945. The confusion of the sources (if not simply the result of multiple copying errors) may indicate that this was a period of political uncertainty in which he gradually asserted his position against the aged Constantine II (d. 952), who retired (perhaps under duress) and became a monk at St Andrews. Throughout his reign Malcolm was on the offensive to both north and south. In 945 he benefited from Edmund of Wessex's devastation of the kingdom of Strathclyde, which Edmund formally acknowledged to belong to Malcolm's sphere of influence. He attacked the north of England as far as the Tees c.949 (perhaps in support of the attempt of Olaf Cuarán, king of Dublin, to take York) and in the same period or maybe earlier led an army into Moray and killed Cellach, possibly its king. In 952 he formed part of an alliance of Scots, Britons (from Strathclyde), and Saxons which was defeated by a Scandinavian force, probably led by Erik Bloodaxe, former king of Norway (d. 954), who took control of York at this time. Malcolm I was not untroubled by matters at home, however, and in 954 was killed by the men of the Mearns at Fetteresso (Kincardineshire). His body is said to have been taken to Iona for burial. He had two sons, Dubh (d. 966) and Kenneth II (d. 995), both of whom became king in Scotland; he was succeeded by Indulf, son of Constantine II. Dauvit Broun Sources A. O. Anderson, ed. and trans., Early sources of Scottish history, AD 500 to 1286, 1 (1922), 449–54 · M. O. Anderson, Kings and kingship in early Scotland, rev. edn (1980), 249–53, 265–89 · A. O. Anderson, ed., Scottish annals from English chroniclers, AD 500 to 1286 (1908), 73–4 · A. P. Smyth, Warlords and holy men: Scotland, AD 80–1000 (1984), 205–7, 222–3 © Oxford University Press 2004–5 All rights reserved: see legal notice Oxford University Press Dauvit Broun, ‘Malcolm I (d. 954)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/17857, accessed 24 Sept 2005] Malcolm I (d. 954): doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/178574 | |
| Name Variation | Mael-Coluim5 | |
| Name Variation | Malcolm I (?)3 |
Family | ||
| Children |
| |
| Last Edited | 24 Sep 2005 |
Domnall of the Scots1
M, #2923, b. circa 862, d. 900
| Father* | Causantin of the Scots2,3 b. c 836, d. 877 | |
Domnall of the Scots|b. c 862\nd. 900|p98.htm#i2923|Causantin of the Scots|b. c 836\nd. 877|p98.htm#i2924||||Kenneth MacAlpin|b. c 810\nd. 15 Feb 858|p98.htm#i2925|(?) MacDonald||p176.htm#i5275||||||| | ||
| Birth* | circa 862 | 3 |
| Death* | 900 | (slain)1 |
| Death | 903 | Forres, Moray, Scotland3 |
| Burial* | Iona, Scotland3 | |
| Name Variation | Donald II (?)3 | |
| Crowned* | 889 | 2 |
Family | ||
| Child |
| |
| Last Edited | 24 Aug 2005 |
Causantin of the Scots1
M, #2924, b. circa 836, d. 877
| Father* | Kenneth MacAlpin2,3 b. c 810, d. 15 Feb 858 | |
| Mother* | (?) MacDonald3 | |
Causantin of the Scots|b. c 836\nd. 877|p98.htm#i2924|Kenneth MacAlpin|b. c 810\nd. 15 Feb 858|p98.htm#i2925|(?) MacDonald||p176.htm#i5275|Alpin (?)|d. c 837|p98.htm#i2926|||||||||| | ||
| Birth* | circa 836 | Scone, Scotland3 |
| Death* | 877 | Inverdovat, Forgan, Fife, Scotland, ||slain in battle by the Norse1,3 |
| DNB* | Constantine I [Causantín mac Cinaeda] (d. 876), king in Scotland, was the son of Kenneth I (d. 858). It has been suggested that his mother may have belonged to the Pictish royal matriline (perhaps a daughter of Uurad, king of Picts from 839 to 842), but this is incapable of proof. He was probably Kenneth I's eldest surviving son, and had at least one brother, King Aed (d. 878), and two sisters, one of whom married Rhun, son of Arthgal, king of Dumbarton, and had a son, Eochaid, who challenged for the kingship in the confused period following Constantine I's death. Constantine succeeded his uncle Donald I [see under Kenneth I] to the kingship on the latter's death on 13 April 862. During his reign his kingdom's heartland in east-central Scotland suffered from intense Scandinavian pressure. In 866 Olaf, the Norwegian king of Dublin, ‘wasted Pictland’ and wintered there. In 870–71 Olaf returned to Britain and took ‘a very great spoil of people’, including Picts, as captives. Olaf had taken Dumbarton in 870, and this may have allowed Constantine to gain the upper hand over the kings there: in 872 he arranged for the assassination of Arthgal, king of Dumbarton. In 875 Constantine was attacked by Hálfdan, the Danish king of York, and suffered a crushing defeat at Dollar, in what is now Clackmannanshire. His forces were driven back to the highlands in Atholl and the east-central lowlands were occupied by the invaders for a year. And in the following year Constantine was killed by the Danes at the battle known as inber dub fáta, ‘long dark river-mouth’ (unidentified). He was succeeded by his brother Aed (perhaps after an interregnum of a year) and is said to have been buried on Iona. He had a son, Donald II (d. 900) [see under Constantine II], whose mother is unknown. Dauvit Broun Sources A. O. Anderson, ed. and trans., Early sources of Scottish history, AD 500 to 1286, 1 (1922), 296–304, 350–55 · M. O. Anderson, Kings and kingship in early Scotland, rev. edn (1980), 249–53, 265–89 · A. O. Anderson, ed., Scottish annals from English chroniclers, AD 500 to 1286 (1908), 62 · B. Hudson, ‘Elech and the Scots in Strathclyde’, Scottish Gaelic Studies, 15 (1988), 145–9 · A. P. Smyth, Warlords and holy men: Scotland, AD 80–1000 (1984), 191–5 · M. Miller, ‘The last century of Pictish succession’, Scottish Studies, 23 (1979), 39–67 · M. O. Anderson, ‘Dalriada and the creation of the kingdom of the Scots’, Ireland in early mediaeval Europe, ed. D. Whitelock, R. McKitterick, and D. Dumville (1982), 106–32 © Oxford University Press 2004–5 All rights reserved: see legal notice Oxford University Press Dauvit Broun, ‘Constantine I (d. 876)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/6114, accessed 24 Sept 2005] Constantine I (d. 876): doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/61144 | |
| Name Variation | Constantine (?)5 | |
| Crowned* | 862 | 1 |
Family | ||
| Child |
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| Last Edited | 24 Sep 2005 |
Kenneth MacAlpin1
M, #2925, b. circa 810, d. 15 February 858
| Father* | Alpin (?)2 d. c 837 | |
Kenneth MacAlpin|b. c 810\nd. 15 Feb 858|p98.htm#i2925|Alpin (?)|d. c 837|p98.htm#i2926||||Eochaid of Dalriada "the Poisonous"||p98.htm#i2927|||||||||| | ||
| Birth* | circa 810 | Scotland3 |
| Marriage* | Principal=(?) MacDonald3 | |
| Death* | 15 February 858 | Forteviot, Perthshire, Scotland3 |
| Burial* | Icomkill3 | |
| DNB* | Kenneth I [Cináed mac Alpin, Kenneth Macalpine] (d. 858), king in Scotland, was ruler of the Dalriada in western Scotland from 840, and also ruler of the Picts from 842. In the genealogy of Scottish kings his father, Alpin, occurs as a son of Eochaid, son of Aed Find, a celebrated king of Dalriada [see under Dál Riata, kings of]. The Irish synchronisms (based on king-lists), in the undoubtedly correct Edinburgh text, include Alpin among ‘kings in Scotland’; some modern scepticism concerning his kingship, and also concerning Áed Find's own royal descent, is a result of scribal omissions from some texts. Kenneth himself is first heard of in the seventeenth-century annals of the four masters. Under 835 they say that a lord of Airgialla (perhaps in the Western Isles, not the Airgialla—Oriel—of Ireland) ‘went over to Alba [Scotland] to reinforce Dalriada at the bidding of Kenneth, Alpin's son’ (Anderson, Early Sources, 1.267). This would be more explicable if it were several years after 835. But although some of the four masters' material is in fact predated by as much as five years, there seems to be no textual reason why this entry should not belong, as does the rest of the year-section, to 836. In that year Eoganán, a grandson of Áed Find's brother Fergus, became king of Dalriada. Eoganán's uncle and father had recently been kings of Dalriada and, for a total of more than twenty years, of Picts as well. Eoganán (or Uven) [see under Picts, kings of the] likewise appears in regnal lists for both kingdoms. In 839 Eoganán died in a disastrous battle against ‘heathen’ (probably Danes). In the Pictish kingship he was followed by one Urad who reigned for three years. The Dalriadan kingship seems to have been held by Kenneth's father, Alpin, for only one year, 839–40. It is likely enough that he died at the hands of Picts, as the late chronicle of Huntingdon says, but that is a very poor authority. The year 834 which it gives for the death of Alpin was inferred from a faulty king-list, and has no authority at all. The most substantial source for Kenneth is the Scottish chronicle, a reign-by-reign narrative from Kenneth to the late tenth century. He held Dalriada, it says, for two years (840–42) before he ‘came to Pictavia’. Having ‘destroyed’ the Picts, he reigned over Pictavia for sixteen years, from 842 to 858. King-lists show that in the year when Kenneth ‘came to Pictavia’ the Pictish Urad ceased to reign, and that Urad's son Bred, who succeeded him, probably died in the same year. Three further Pictish kings are named by one group of lists, with reigns totalling six years (842–8). The last of them, Drust, was ‘killed at Forteviot, or some say at Scone’ (Anderson, Kings and Kingship, 266). This must refer to the story known in Ireland and Scotland in the twelfth century as ‘the treachery of Scone’, in which Pictish nobles invited by Scots to a council or feast were treacherously killed. Whatever truth there may have been in the tale, the germ of which is as old as Herodotus, it must be supposed that the death of Drust ended six years of active opposition to Kenneth. To follow tradition by describing Kenneth son of Alpin as the first king to rule over both Picts and Scots would be to simplify greatly a development which extended over more than half a century. His main political achievement should rather be seen as the establishment of a new dynasty which aspired to supremacy over the whole of Scotia, and under which the Scots so dominated Pictland that its native language and institutions rapidly disappeared. The Scottish chronicle says that in the seventh year of his reign (848 or 849) Kenneth ‘brought relics of Saint Columba to a church that he built’ (Anderson, Early Sources, 1.288). In 849 relics were taken to Ireland also. Norse raids had by this time made Iona untenable. Kenneth's church was probably at Dunkeld, though later Pictish lists attributed the building of Dunkeld church to the King Constantine (or Causantin) who died in 820. The chronicle lists other events of Kenneth's reign without dates. Six times he invaded Saxonia (Northumbria), and he seized and burnt Dunbar and Melrose. But British (from Strathclyde) burnt Dunblane, while ‘Danes’ laid Pictavia waste ‘as far as Clunie and Dunkeld’ (ibid.). A notice of Kenneth's death in 858 is the only mention of him in the older Irish annals. The Scottish chronicle says that he died of a ‘tumour’, in February, at Forteviot; perhaps on Tuesday the 8th, but the reading is in doubt. He and most of his successors down to the eleventh century are said by lists to have been buried in Iona. He left two sons, Constantine I and Áed, who were kings in succession from 862, and at least two daughters: one who married Run, king of the Britons of Strathclyde, and one who married Mael Muire, who died in 913. Kenneth was succeeded by his brother Donald I [Domnall mac Alpin] (d. 862), king in Scotland, in whose time (the date is not specified) the Gaels with their king ‘made the rights and laws of the kingdom [which were known as the laws] of Áed, son of Eochaid, at Forteviot’ (Anderson, Early Sources, 1.291). What they then promulgated (rather than created, it may be supposed) was presumably a body of more or less Irish customary law associated with the name of Donald's great-grandfather Áed Find. ‘Laws of Macalpine’ which were known, or known about, in the thirteenth century may not have been distinct from these laws of Áed. Some writers have been misled by a late group of king-lists into believing that Donald was the father of a famous king, Giric. But in the original source Giric's father was undoubtedly ‘Dúngal’, not ‘Donald’. Donald mac Alpin died on 13 April 862, in palacio Cinnbelathoir, the Scottish chronicle says, but the place has not been identified. Later king-lists say that he died in ‘Rathinveramon’, ‘the fort at the mouth of the [Perthshire] River Almond’ (Anderson, Early Sources, 1.291), as Skene proposed. The two places are possibly the same and only a few miles from Forteviot, which archaeological remains show could well have been a royal residence at that time. It stands above the right bank of the Water of May, a small river that joins the Earn less than a mile to the north. The chronicle does not mention Forteviot again after Donald's reign. Forteviot was almost certainly within Fortriu, roughly equatable with the southern half of modern Perthshire. The Irish annalists give the title ‘king of Fortriu’ to only four Pictish kings: two who died in 693 and 763 respectively, and Kenneth's predecessors Constantine and Oengus in the ninth century. Kenneth I is not called ‘king of Fortriu’. He, his brother Donald, and Kenneth's two sons are all called ‘king of Picts’. This title had very seldom been used by the annalists when writing of their own times. It may imply a claim to sovereignty over all Pictish provinces; but there is very little evidence to show how far Kenneth's or Donald's sovereignty actually extended. Marjorie O. Anderson Sources Ann. Ulster · M. O. Anderson, Kings and kingship in early Scotland, rev. edn (1980), 249–91 · A. O. Anderson, ed. and trans., Early sources of Scottish history, AD 500 to 1286, 1 (1922); repr. with corrections (1990), 270, 288, 291 · A. Boyle, ‘The Edinburgh synchronisms of Irish kings’, Celtica, 9 (1971), 177 · K. H. Jackson, ed. and trans., Duan Albanach, SHR, 36 (1957), 125–37 · AFM · W. F. Skene, ed., ‘Chronicle of Huntingdon’, Chronicles of the Picts, chronicles of the Scots, and other early memorials of Scottish history, ed. W. F. Skene (1867), 209–13 · J. Bannerman, Studies in the history of Dalriada (1974) · L. Alcock and E. Alcock, ‘Reconnaissance excavations on early historic fortifications and other royal sites in Scotland, 1974–1984’, Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, 122 (1992), 215–91 · W. F. Skene, Celtic Scotland: a history of ancient Alban, 2nd edn, 1 (1886), 381 · M. O. Anderson, ‘Dalriada and the creation of the kingdom of the Scots’, Ireland in early mediaeval Europe, ed. D. Whitelock, R. McKitterick, and D. Dumville (1982), 106–32 © Oxford University Press 2004–5 All rights reserved: see legal notice Oxford University Press Marjorie O. Anderson, ‘Kenneth I (d. 858)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/15398, accessed 24 Sept 2005] Kenneth I (d. 858): doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/15398 Donald I (d. 862): doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/77954 | |
| Name Variation | Cinaed1 | |
| Name Variation | Kenneth I MacAlpin (?)3 | |
| Crowned* | 843 | 1 |
Family | (?) MacDonald | |
| Child |
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| Last Edited | 24 Sep 2005 |
Alpin (?)1
M, #2926, d. circa 837
| Father* | Eochaid of Dalriada "the Poisonous"2 | |
Alpin (?)|d. c 837|p98.htm#i2926|Eochaid of Dalriada "the Poisonous"||p98.htm#i2927||||Aed F. of Dalriada "the White"|d. 778|p98.htm#i2928|||||||||| | ||
| Death* | circa 837 | Galloway, Ireland1 |
| DNB* | Dál Riata [Dalriada], kings of (act. c.500-c.850), rulers in Scotland, were the lords of a realm whose name was also given to an ancient small kingdom, situated in the north-east corner of Antrim, northern Ireland, and named from the dál (‘division’, primarily in the sense of people rather than territory) of Réte—a mythical ancestor. Origins to 609 Traditionally a colony of the Dál Riata settled in Britain, probably before 500, and during several generations the two territories, though separated by 13 miles of sea, formed a single kingdom with its centre of power in Britain. The link was dissolved, perhaps in the time of Domnall Brecc (d. 642/3), but c.700 the Dál Riata in Britain were still, to Adomnán, ‘the Irish [Latin Scoti] of Britain’, and long afterwards their kings were counted among the overkings of Irish provinces. The eastern limit of their British realm, separating the Scots from the Picts, was ‘the mountains of the spine of Britain’ (Life of Columba, 2.46), that is, Drumalban. The northern and southern limits cannot be defined so clearly, but the popular equation of Dál Riata with Argyll is probably not far wrong. The historical kings of the Dál Riata were derived by genealogists from two brothers, Fergus and Loarn (or Lorne), the sons of Erc. Most were descended from Fergus's grandsons, Comgall and Gabrán, and ruled territories which included Cowal and Kintyre. The descendants of Lorne (cenél Loairn) further north had a territory larger than modern Lorne; for some forty years, before and after 700, their kings successfully disputed the overkingship. A regnal list, versions of which are still extant, began with Fergus [Fergus II; called Fergus Mór] (d. 501), reputedly a contemporary of St Patrick. Such a list seems to have been used retrospectively by an annalist to enter the deaths of kings at the appropriate places, counting the reign lengths back as far as Comgall and Gabrán. Their father, Domangart, and Fergus himself, were added later in different annal compilations. Comgall mac Domangart [Congallus I] (d. c.538) died ‘in the thirty-fifth year of his reign’ (Anderson, Early Sources, 1.10). His family gave their name to Cowal, the district to the south of Loch Fyne. He was succeeded by his brother Gabrán [Goranus] (d. c.558), who reigned for about twenty years. Later stories seem to connect Gabrán with the southern Pictish country and the River Forth, but all that can be learned from the annals is that he died in the same year (c.558) in which the Pictish king Brude mac Maelchon caused a flight, or withdrawal, of Scots. This event, unexplained, was clearly a Scottish disaster. It is unclear whether Gabrán's death was connected with it, but the words used of his death do not suggest that he died in battle or by violence. Gabrán was succeeded by his nephew Conall mac Comgall [Congallus II] (d. 574). In 563 Conall was visited in Britain by St Columba (d. 597), who had recently arrived from Ireland to begin his life of ‘pilgrimage’. There were two traditions about the foundation of Columba's monastery in Iona. Pictish tradition was the probable source of Bede's statement that the island was given to Columba by Picts. But an entry attached to the notice of King Conall's death in the Irish annals says that Conall was the donor. There may have been truth in both traditions. In 568 Conall joined with the king of Meath in an expedition in ‘Iardoman’, probably the Inner Hebrides. He died in 574 and was succeeded by his cousin Aedán (or Áedan) mac Gabrán. The choice of Conall's successor seems to have lain between Aedán and his brother Eoganán, and it was the latter who at first had the powerful support of Columba. But, prompted by angelic visions, according to Iona tradition, the saint changed his mind and gave Aedán his blessing. Aedán was remembered partly for the concord he reached with the northern Uí Néill relating to the status of the Irish part of Aedán's kingdom. In a famous meeting at Druim Cete (or Druim Cett) in Derry, it was agreed (or so it appears) that military service from the Dál Riata in Ireland should be paid to Áed, son of Ainmire, and his successors, their taxes and tribute to Aedán and his successors. This implicitly ruled out any rights claimed by kings of the Ulaid over the Irish Dál Riata. The annals date the meeting in the year after Aedán's accession, that is in 575, but there are difficulties in the dating, and it has been plausibly argued that the true date may have been c.590. There was a tradition that Aedán had fought against the Picts during thirteen years, seemingly before he became king. It is doubtful whether any of his later battles, noticed in the annals, involved hostility between him and the Picts. His last battle, which Bede dated in 603, was fought at ‘Degsastan’, perhaps near the present English–Scottish border. It was a brave attempt to halt the northward spread of the Angles of Northumbria, but Aedán's army was heavily defeated and, says Bede, from that time until the present day (c.731) no king of Scots in Britain had dared to engage in battle against the Angles. Aedán died a few years later. Figures in lists and annals (none very dependable at this period) suggest that he may have died in 609, but had ceased to reign in 608. The date 609 is slightly confirmed by separate sources (the martyrology of Tallaght and the eleventh-century prophecy of Berchan) which would fix the day of his death as 17 April, a Thursday. Berchan says that he died in Kintyre, Fordun that he was buried at Kilkerran (Campbeltown). Eochaid Buide and his sons, 609–c.660 Aedán had a number of sons, of whom at least four died in battle in their father's lifetime. His successor, Eochaid Buide [Eugenius IV] (d. c.629), was one of the younger ones (his epithet means ‘yellow’) [see also Eugenius I–VIII (act. c.350-763)]. It was not usual for a king to be followed immediately by his son, and perhaps that was why it was told of Eochaid that when he was a child Columba prophesied that he would be king after Aedán. The entry of Eochaid's death (c.629) in the annals of Ulster reads: ‘Death of Eochaid Buide, king of the Picts, son of Aedán. So I have found in the Book of Cuanu’ (Anderson, Early Sources, 1.151). It is not clear how much of the entry came from Cuanu's book (a version of the annals, of uncertain date, known only from the Ulster annalist's quotations from it, of which this is the last). Eochaid's kingship ‘of the Picts’ has not been satisfactorily explained. Eochaid Buide's death was followed by the brief reign of Connad Cerr (d. c.629), whose epithet means ‘crooked’ or ‘left-handed’. On the evidence of the Irish synchronisms, Connad Cerr is usually thought to have been Eochaid Buide's son. A genealogical section in the Míniugud senchasa fher nAlban (‘Explanation of the genealogy of the men of Scotland’) names Connad Cerr in a list of Eochaid's sons. This text, however, is not to be depended on; in the same sentence Domnall Dond, Eochaid's grandson who died c.696, is included among Eochaid's sons. In the Latin lists Connad Cerr is a ‘son of Conal’, and it would appear that in the synchronisms the phrase ‘his son’ (a mac) has been displaced. A difficulty in accepting the reading of the Latin lists was pointed out by Bannerman: the only possible known Conal is Comgall's son, the king who died in 574, and a son of his would seem too old to be made king about 629. Connad Cerr died in the same year in which he became king, in a battle at Fid Eóin in Ireland, an internal quarrel of the Dál nAraidi, southern neighbours of the Irish Dál Riata. His successor was Domnall Brecc, Eochaid Buide's son. Domnall had an unlucky reign. In 637 he chose to side with Congal Cáech, overking of the Ulaid, against Domnall, Áed's son, head of the Cenél Conaill branch of the northern Uí Néill. (Legend said that Congal was a nephew of Domnall Brecc.) Domnall's connection with the battle of Moira (in Down), in which Congal lost his life, is known, not from the annals, but from Cumméne, the seventh abbot of Iona, author of a work on Columba. A passage from the book, copied into an early manuscript of Adomnán's life of the saint, quotes a prophecy of the evil consequences to any of King Aedán's descendants who shall fail in loyalty to the Cenél Conaill, Columba's kindred. Cumméne (who died in 669) adds that the prophecy had been fulfilled ‘in our time’ in the battle of Moira, when Domnall Brecc without provocation wasted the province of Domnall, son of Áed. Domnall Brecc is not said to have been present in the battle. No more is heard of Domnall Brecc in Ireland. It may be that the Irish Dál Riata no longer acknowledged his kingship. A severance of the two Dál Riatas would account for the warning attributed to Columba, that Aedán's descendants might ‘lose the sceptre of this kingdom from their hands’ (Anderson, Early Sources, 1.160). There was a second sense in which Domnall might be said to have lost the sceptre. He was still apparently king in 642 or 643, at his death in battle against Owen, king of the Strathclyde Britons; but it seems that he no longer reigned alone. Reign lengths suggest that from 637 until his death the kingship was shared between him and Ferchar [Fearchair I, Ferchardus I] (d. c.651), a son of Connad Cerr. The evidence, however, is ambiguous. In the lists Ferchar stands before Domnall Brecc. And the only mention of Ferchar in the annals is a notice of his death, peculiar to the annals of Ulster, in 693. The year is improbably late, though not quite impossible; it has been conjectured that the entry belonged to a group of badly misdated entries (including one of the death of Domnall Brecc), and that Ferchar really died c.651. The period of Northumbrian domination, c.660–685 If the Latin lists are right in making Connad Cerr a son of Conal, and if Conal was the Conall Comgall's son who reigned from c.558 to 574, then Ferchar was, as far as can be ascertained, the last member of the house of Comgall to be a king of Dál Riata. After him the kingship seems to have been divided again, this time between Conall Crandomna [Congallus III] (d. 660), who was a brother of Domnall Brecc, and, until Conall's death, a ‘Dúnchad son of Dubán’. This Dúnchad has not been identified satisfactorily, but there is a distinct possibility that he was the grandfather of a later king, Fiannamail. Conall Crandomna and Dúnchad are said to have reigned together for ten years (651?–660). After Conall's death Domangart (d. 673), a son of Domnall Brecc, became sole king. It was perhaps towards the end of the joint reign that Scots in Britain, as well as Picts, became tributary to Oswiu, king of Northumbria (d. 670). When Cumméne, writing in his own person, says that since the day of the battle of Moira the descendants of Aedán have been held down by extranei (‘strangers’ or ‘outsiders’) , he is probably referring to, and lamenting, their subjection to Northumbria, which was to continue long after Cumméne's death. Domangart died in 673 by violence of some kind (jugulatio). He was one of the very few kings to whom contemporary annalists attached the label ‘king of Dál Riata’. He was followed by two sons of his uncle Conall Crandomna, who reigned in succession: Maelduin (or Mael Dúin), who died peacefully in 688 or 689, and Domnall Dond, who met a violent death, perhaps in 696. In 685, towards the end of Maelduin's life, Scots as well as Picts were freed from Northumbrian dominion by the Pictish victory at Dunnichen and the death of King Ecgfrith. Ferchar Fota and his rivals, 685–700 It may be that the violent deaths of Domangart (673) and Domnall Dond (696?) reflect antagonism between the two branches of Eochaid Buide's descendants through his sons Domnall Brecc and Conall Crandomna, but nothing is known of the circumstances. The king-lists at this period are corrupt and defective. One piece of list evidence that cannot be ignored is the twenty-one-year reign of Ferchar Fota [Fearchair II, Ferchardus II] (d. 697), immediately before that of Eochaid, son of Domangart. The annals twice mention Ferchar Fota (his epithet means ‘the Tall’): in 678 when he lost many of the tribe of Lorne in a battle against Britons, and in 697 when he died. Sons and grandsons of his became overkings of the Dál Riata, but the annal evidence affords no room for Ferchar himself as overking. It can only be guessed that he exercised kingship somewhere outside his own kingdom of Lorne, the northernmost of the kingdoms of the Dál Riata. Genealogists derived its kings from a brother of Fergus, son of Erc, two centuries earlier. Domnall Dond's successor was a younger cousin, Eochaid [Eugenius V] (d. 697), the son of Domangart, son of Domnall Brecc. The lists give Eochaid a strange epithet, Rianamhail and the like. In one text (list E) it was understood to mean ‘crooked nosed’ and translated into Latin as habens curvum nasum. He was killed in 697, the year in which Ferchar Fota died. He left at least one son, another Eochaid, who does not appear in the annals until 726, and may have been very young when his father was killed. Ainfcellach (d. 719), a son of Ferchar Fota, followed Eochaid in the overkingship, but in the next year was driven out and carried, a prisoner, to Ireland. His successor, presumably his captor, was Fiannamail (d. 700), Dúnchad's grandson, described as ‘king of Dál Riata’ at his death. It is supposed that his grandfather was the Dúnchad, Dubán's son, who had held part of the overkingship in the 650s. Fiannamail's ability to remove his predecessor to Ireland prompts the question whether he belonged to a royal family of Irish Dál Riata. But the available evidence is unsatisfactory. That the guarantors of Adomnán's law (697) include both Fiannamail ‘grandson of Dúnchad’, with no title, and ‘Eochu grandson of Domnall’ (that is, Eochaid, son of Domangart), with the title rí, ‘king’, tells very little about Fiannamail's status. A ‘king of Kintyre’ called Dúnchad Becc is noticed by the annals in 721; his name suggests that he may have been of the same family as Fiannamail. The absence of Fiannamail from the genealogical section of the Míniugud senchasa fher nAlban is not relevant; this text brings its lists in general no further down than Aedán's grandsons. But though Fiannamail is not in the king-lists of the Dál Riata, there is a strong possibility that he was present in the original list. If, owing to a scribal dislocation, his name, mistaken for an epithet, was attached to the name of Eochaid, son of Domangart, that would account both for Fiannamail's apparent absence and for Eochaid's unexplained epithet Rianamhail. The rule of Selbach, 700–730 Fiannamail himself was killed in 700, and Selbach [Selvach] (d. 730), a son of Ferchar Fota, began a twenty-three-year reign as overking. His brother Ainfcellach, Fiannamail's victim, is not heard of again until 719. After four violent ends to reigns in as many years, Selbach's reign seems like a period of stability; nevertheless, the annals record several armed conflicts, against members of the old royal family or against kinsmen of his own. In 701 he destroyed the Lorne fortress of Dunolly, and in 714 he rebuilt it. In 712 he besieged a place in the south of Kintyre, perhaps Dunaverty. In the autumn of 719 he fought against his brother Ainfcellach, last heard of in 698, who was killed in the battle. Soon after, in a battle at sea, Selbach was beaten by Dúnchad Becc and the Cenél nGabráin. There were also battles against the Britons in 704, 711, and 717, in which Selbach is not actually named. In 723 Selbach adopted the clerical habit, and the overkingship of the Dál Riata, together with the kingship of Lorne, evidently passed to his son Dúngal (d. c.736). In 726, when Dúngal was thrown de regno, the overkingship returned to the old ruling family in the person of Eochaid, son of Eochaid (son of Domangart, son of Domnall Brecc). In the next year Selbach came out of retirement to fight a battle with adversaries who are described as the familia of Eochaid, grandson of Domnall. No doubt Eochaid, son of Eochaid, was involved, but it is not recorded that he was actually present in the battle. Selbach died in 730. Wars to west and east, 730–778 In 733 Eochaid, son of Eochaid, died. It is not known whether he was still alive when Flaithbertach, a great-grandson of Domnall, son of Áed, and the last of the Cenél Conaill to be counted as a high-king of Ireland, brought a fleet of the Dál Riata to Ireland to assist him against his rivals. The campaign was a failure; in the following year Flaithbertach was forced to abdicate. In 733 also Dúngal of Lorne was active off the north Irish coast, and he profaned the monastery in Tory Island by forcibly removing Brude, son of the Pictish king Oengus mac Forgusso (Onuist son of Uurguist), who had taken sanctuary there. The origin of the enmity that certainly existed from this time between Dúngal and Oengus is obscure. In this same year Dúngal's cousin Muredach (d. 771), son of Ainfcellach, ‘assumed the kingship of the tribe of Lorne’. In the next year Dúngal was overtaken by Oengus's avenging anger. Dúngal's fortress was destroyed, and he was wounded and fled to Ireland. After the death of Eochaid the overkingship was perhaps divided between Muredach of Lorne and an Alpin whom the Irish synchronisms, not very dependably, call a ‘son of Eochaid’. If that is true, he was most likely a half-brother of the king who had just died. It has been suggested that Alpin was the man of that name (not very common among the Scots) who had made himself overking of the Picts from 726 to 728 and had then been forced into flight by Oengus. In 736 Oengus made a determined incursion into territory of the Dál Riata, accompanied by his brother Talorgan. He took Dunadd, and his brother routed an opposing army led by Muredach. Dúngal and his brother Feradach were captured, and Dúngal is not heard of again. It is pleasant to conjecture that Feradach became the father of the Pictish king Ciniod, son of Uuredech, who reigned from 763 to 768. Little is known about relations of the Dál Riata with the Picts following Oengus's conquest. Iona ceases to be a source of contemporary annal information about 740. The conquest should probably be seen as a chiefly personal one, a matter of tribute and hostages. There is nothing in writing to suggest that Oengus himself assumed the status of a king of the Dál Riata, though some evidence may yet be extracted from rock carvings on Dunadd. There is no record of Muredach, son of Ainfcellach, after 736 until his death in 771, noticed in the seventeenth-century annals of the four masters. Alpin is not mentioned in annals at all, either before or after 736. The first king after Muredach in the original list of the Dál Riata was Aed [Áed] Find (d. 778), said when he died to have reigned for thirty years, so his reign was counted from 748. Before Aed the Latin lists insert a Ewen [Eogan] (d. 763), Muredach's son; perhaps a genuine king of Lorne, he was styled Eugenius VIII by Fordun, who gives 763 as the year of his death. In 750 there is a (probably late) entry in the annals of Ulster which has been variously translated: ‘Ebbing of the sovereignty of [Oengus]’ (Anderson, Early Sources, 1.240) or ‘End of the reign of [Oengus]’ (Ann. Ulster, 204–5). It is uncertain how far it relates to the Dál Riata. Welsh sources record a heavy defeat of Picts by Britons in the same year. Aed was almost certainly a son of the King Eochaid who died in 733. Some texts of the pedigree are corrupt, but the one in the Poppleton manuscript can be accepted as true: ‘Aed Find son of Eochaid son of Echu son of Domangart son of Domnall Brecc’ (Anderson, Kings and Kingship, 189). He may have been very young when his father died. In 768 there was a battle in Fortriu ‘between Aed and Cinaed’, that is, Aed Find and Ciniod, son of Uuredech (Feradach), king of Picts. Presumably Aed had invaded Fortriu. He was remembered, however, for more than military success. He had an epithet (in the older version of the Irish synchronisms) Airectech, from airecht, ‘a public assembly’. Nearly a century after his death a body of law, adopted by an assembly of Scots for a united Pictish–Scottish kingdom, was named after him: ‘laws of Aed son of Eochaid’. The union of the Dál Raita with the Picts Aed was succeeded in 778 by his brother Fergus who died in 781. Each brother is ‘king of Dál Riata’ in the annals. Defects in the sources over the next sixty years make it difficult to establish the sequence of kings with certainty. The following list, especially the dates, should be treated with caution (for further details see Picts, kings of the). r. 781–c.805, Domnall. He is not mentioned in the annals. The later synchronisms call him ‘Constantine's son’, which is probably an editorial fiction. r. 805–7, Conall, son of Tadg. King of Picts until 789, when he was routed by Constantine, son of Fergus, a Pictish rival, he was king of Dál Riata from 805. He was killed in 807 by Conall, son of Aedán, in Kintyre. r. 807–11, Conall, son of Aedán. He killed Conall, son of Tadg, in 807. His death does not occur in the annals. r. 811–20, Constantine (or Causantin) [see under Picts, kings of the], son of Fergus (who was son of Eochaid and brother of Aed Find). King of Picts from 789 when he routed Conall, son of Tadg, and king of Dál Riata also from 811, he died in 820, a ‘king of Fortriu’. r. 820–832 or 834, Oengus [see under Picts, kings of the], also a son of Fergus and also styled ‘king of Fortriu’. He died in 834, but may have abdicated in 832. r. 832?–836, Aed, son of Boanta. He was killed in 839, supporting Eoganán, son of Oengus, in battle against ‘pagans’ (perhaps Danes). r. 836–9, Eoganán, son of Oengus, king of Picts [see under Picts, kings of the]. He died in 839 with many men of Fortriu, in the conflict with the ‘pagans’. In addition Donncorci (Brown Oats). He died in 791 as ‘king of Dál Riata’, but is otherwise unexplained. Constantine was said to have built the church of Dunkeld, and Oengus to have built the church of Kilrymont (St Andrews). Constantine and Eoganán, and perhaps Oengus also, are commemorated in a Northumbrian Liber vitae. Constantine, his brother Oengus, and his nephew Eoganán are the first certainly to have held both kingships simultaneously. They may have owed their Pictish kingships to dynastic intermarriages. After Eoganán's death in 839 the two kingships apparently separated again. His successor as king of the Dál Riata was his possible cousin Alpin (d. 840), son of Eochaid, son of Aed Find. Alpin is not mentioned in the annals, except later as father of Kenneth (or Cinaed) I, but he has a place in the genealogy of kings of the Scots and the Irish synchronisms. Alpin has been confused with the eighth-century king of the same name. For medieval users of the Latin lists the confusion was easy. The original Latin list virtually ended at Fergus (d. 781). Its three latest kings (Muredach, Aed Find, and Fergus) became displaced so that they stood before Selbach instead of after; and all the kings after Fergus were dropped. So the list came to end at Alpin son of Eochaid, with a reign of three years (733–6), understood by a later editor or copyist to be Kenneth's father, after whose death ‘the kingdom of Scots was transferred to the kingdom of Picts’ (Anderson, Early Sources, 1.270). Kenneth's father seems in fact to have reigned for only one year (839–40). He was said to have been killed in warfare against the Picts, and this may well have been true. The late thirteenth-century chronicle of Huntingdon dates his death exactly on 13 Kal. Aug. (20 July), possibly copied from an early source; but the year, 834, was almost certainly arrived at by counting back reign lengths in a faulty regnal list. Kenneth I, the son of Alpin, is said by the Scottish chronicle to have become king of the Dál Riata two years before he ‘came to Pictavia’. It was perhaps in these two years (840–42) that he arranged to borrow reinforcements from the Airgialla, as noted by the annals of the four masters. Their date, 835, may have been arrived at by the same method as the chronicle of Huntingdon's date for the death of Alpin. Kenneth was king for sixteen years in the east (842–58) and died in Forteviot, in modern Perthshire. For the first six years he was perhaps occupied in eliminating a remnant Pictish kingdom. In 848 or 849 he brought relics of St Columba to Dunkeld. The name Dál Riata, for land or people, continued in occasional use, but the title king of Dál Riata is not used in the annals of Ulster after the 790s. Kenneth and his brother and sons are each described at their deaths as rex Pictorum. Marjorie O. Anderson Sources A. Boyle, trans., Irish synchronisms (‘Fland's synchronisms’), in ‘The Edinburgh synchronisms of Irish kings’, Celtica, 9 (1971), 169–79 · A. O. Anderson, ed. and trans., Early sources of Scottish history, AD 500 to 1286, 2 vols. (1922); repr. with corrections (1990), esp. vol. 1, pp. cxlii–cxlix · K. H. Jackson, ed. and trans., Duan Albanach, SHR, 36 (1957), 125–37 · M. O. Anderson, Kings and kingship in early Scotland (1973); rev. edn (1980) · Ann. Ulster · Bede, Hist. eccl. · J. Bannerman, Studies in the history of Dalriada (1974), 47–9 · Adomnán's ‘Life of Columba’, ed. and trans. A. O. Anderson and M. O. Anderson (1963); new edn (1993) · Adomnán's ‘Life of Columba’, trans. R. Sharpe (1995) · M. Ní Dhonnchadha, ‘The guarantor list of Caín Adomnáin’, Peritia, 1 (1982), 178–215 · F. Palgrave, ed., Documents and records illustrating the history of Scotland (1837) [incl. Chronicle of Huntingdon] · D. N. Dumville, ‘Ireland and North Britain in the earlier middle ages: contexts for Míniugud senchasa fher nAlban’, Rannsachadh na Gàidhlig 2000, ed. C. Ó. Baoill and N. R. McGuire (2002), 185–211 © Oxford University Press 2004–5 All rights reserved: see legal notice Oxford University Press Marjorie O. Anderson, ‘Dál Riata , kings of (act. c.500-c.850)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/49278, accessed 24 Sept 2005] kings of Dál Riata (act. c.500-c.850): doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/49278 Fergus (d. 501): doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/9313 Comgall mac Domangart (d. c.538): doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/6065 Gabrán (d. c.558): doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/11010 Conall mac Comgall (d. 574): doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/6066 Eochaid Buide (d. c.629): doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/8929 Connad Cerr (d. c.629): doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/55319 Ferchar (d. c.651): doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/9236 Conall Crandomna (d. 660): doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/6067 Domangart (d. 673): doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/55320 Ferchar Fota (d. 697): doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/9237 Eochaid (d. 697): doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/8930 Ainfcellach (d. 719): doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/55316 Fiannamail (d. 700): doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/55325 Selbach (d. 730): doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/25063 Dúngal (d. c.736): doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/55322 Muredach (d. 771): doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/55327 Aed Find (d. 778): doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/55315 Ewen (d. 763): doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/8933 Alpin (d. 840): doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/55318 Back to top of biography3 |
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Eochaid of Dalriada "the Poisonous"1
M, #2927
| Father* | Aed Find of Dalriada "the White"1 d. 778 | |
Eochaid of Dalriada "the Poisonous"||p98.htm#i2927|Aed Find of Dalriada "the White"|d. 778|p98.htm#i2928||||Eochaid I. of Dalriada|d. c 733|p98.htm#i2929|||||||||| | ||
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Citations
- [S168] Frederick Lewis Weis, Ancestral Roots, 170-11.
Aed Find of Dalriada "the White"1
M, #2928, d. 778
| Father* | Eochaid III of Dalriada2 d. c 733 | |
Aed Find of Dalriada "the White"|d. 778|p98.htm#i2928|Eochaid III of Dalriada|d. c 733|p98.htm#i2929||||Eochaid I. of Dalriada|d. c 697|p98.htm#i2930|||||||||| | ||
| Death* | 778 | |
| Crowned* | circa 748 |
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Eochaid III of Dalriada1
M, #2929, d. circa 733
| Father* | Eochaid II of Dalriada1 d. c 697 | |
Eochaid III of Dalriada|d. c 733|p98.htm#i2929|Eochaid II of Dalriada|d. c 697|p98.htm#i2930||||Domongart (?)||p98.htm#i2931|||||||||| | ||
| Death* | circa 733 | 1 |
| Crowned* | circa 721 | 1 |
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Citations
- [S168] Frederick Lewis Weis, Ancestral Roots, 170-9.
Eochaid II of Dalriada1
M, #2930, d. circa 697
| Father* | Domongart (?)2 | |
Eochaid II of Dalriada|d. c 697|p98.htm#i2930|Domongart (?)||p98.htm#i2931||||Domnall Brecc|d. c 642|p98.htm#i2932|||||||||| | ||
| Death* | circa 697 | 1 |
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Domongart (?)1
M, #2931
| Father* | Domnall Brecc1 d. c 642 | |
Domongart (?)||p98.htm#i2931|Domnall Brecc|d. c 642|p98.htm#i2932||||Eochu Buide|d. c 630|p98.htm#i2933|||||||||| | ||
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Citations
- [S168] Frederick Lewis Weis, Ancestral Roots, 170-8.
Domnall Brecc1
M, #2932, d. circa 642
| Father* | Eochu Buide2 d. c 630 | |
Domnall Brecc|d. c 642|p98.htm#i2932|Eochu Buide|d. c 630|p98.htm#i2933||||Aedan of Dalriada|d. c 608|p98.htm#i2934|||||||||| | ||
| Death* | circa 642 | ||at the battle of Strathcarron1 |
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Eochu Buide1
M, #2933, d. circa 630
| Father* | Aedan of Dalriada2,3 d. c 608 | |
Eochu Buide|d. c 630|p98.htm#i2933|Aedan of Dalriada|d. c 608|p98.htm#i2934||||Gabran of Dalriada "the Treacherous"||p98.htm#i2935|||||||||| | ||
| Death* | circa 630 | 1 |
| Name Variation | Eochaid1 |
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Aedan of Dalriada1
M, #2934, d. circa 608
| Father* | Gabran of Dalriada "the Treacherous"2 | |
Aedan of Dalriada|d. c 608|p98.htm#i2934|Gabran of Dalriada "the Treacherous"||p98.htm#i2935|||||||||||||||| | ||
| Death* | circa 608 | 1 |
| Note* | According to Adamnan's Life of St. Columba, she made a prophecy concerning the sons of King Aidan: < | |
| Name Variation | Aidan3 | |
| Crowned* | circa 571 | "On another occasion, when this eminent man was staying in the Hinba island (Eilean-na-Naoimh), he saw, on a certain night, in a mental ecstasy, an angel sent to him from heaven, and holding in his hand a book of glass, regarding the appointment of kings. Having received the book from the hand of the angel, the venerable man, at his command, began to read it; and when he was reluctant to appoint Aidan king, as the book directed, because he had a greater affection for Iogenan his brother, the angel, suddenly stretching forth his hand, struck the saint with a scourge, the livid marks of which remained in his side all the days of his life. And he added these words: ÒKnow for certain," said he, "that I am sent to thee by God with the book of glass, that in accordance with the words thou hast read therein, thou mayest inaugurate Aidan into the kingdom; but if thou refuse to obey this command, I will strike thee again." When therefore this angel of the Lord had appeared for three successive nights, having the same book of glass in his hand, and had repeated the same commands of the Lord regarding the appointment of the same king, the saint, in obedience to the command of the Lord, sailed across to the Iouan island (Hy, now Iona), and there ordained, as he had been commanded, Aidan to be king, who had arrived at the same time as the saint. During the words of consecration, the saint declared the future regarding the children, grandchildren and great- grandchildren of Aidan, and laying his hand upon his head, he consecrated and blessed him. Cummene the Fair, in the book which he wrote on the virtues of St. Columba, states that St. Columba commenced his predictions regarding Aidan and his children and kingdom in the following manner: "Believe me, unhesitatingly, O Aidan," said he, "none of thine enemies shall be able to resist thee, unless thou first act unjustly towards me and my successors. Wherefore direct thou thy children to commend to their children, their grandchildren, and their posterity, not to let the sceptre pass out of their hands through evil counsels. For at whatever time they turn against me or my relatives who are in Hibernia, the scourge which I suffered on thy account from the angel shall bring great disgrace upon them by the hand of God, and the hearts of men shall be turned away from them, and their foes shall be greatly strengthened against them." Now this prophecy hath been fulfilled in our own times in the battle of Roth (Magh Rath, fought 637), in which Domnall Brecc, the grandson of Aidan, ravaged without the slightest provocation the territory of Domnall, the grandson of Ainmuireg. And from that day to this they have been trodden down by strangers-a fate which pierces the heart with sighs and grief."1,3 |
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Gabran of Dalriada "the Treacherous"1,2,3
M, #2935
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Domongart of Dalriada1
M, #2936, d. circa 542
| Father* | Fergus of Dalriada2 d. c 501 | |
Domongart of Dalriada|d. c 542|p98.htm#i2936|Fergus of Dalriada|d. c 501|p98.htm#i2940||||Ercc of Dalriada||p99.htm#i2941|||||||||| | ||
| Death* | circa 542 | 3 |
| Last Edited | 24 Aug 2005 |
Fergus of Dalriada1
M, #2940, d. circa 501
| Father* | Ercc of Dalriada2 | |
Fergus of Dalriada|d. c 501|p98.htm#i2940|Ercc of Dalriada||p99.htm#i2941||||Eochaid Muinremur|d. 474|p540.htm#i16185|||||||||| | ||
| Death* | circa 501 | 1 |
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